138,726
edits
Nurian/Old: Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
m (→Dagȳne accent) |
mNo edit summary |
||
| (154 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{list subpages}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
| Line 8: | Line 5: | ||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = '' | |nativename = ''senNūrima'' | ||
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = Txapoalli | ||
|country = Nūrei | |country = Nūrei | ||
|familycolor=PfK | |familycolor=PfK | ||
|fam1= [[ | |fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]] | ||
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | |fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | ||
|script={{PAGENAME}} script | |script={{PAGENAME}} script | ||
|iso3=qnr | |iso3=qnr | ||
| Line 22: | Line 18: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: '' | '''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''senNūrima'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.) | ||
Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently" | |||
Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings | |||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
q qw > epiglottal stop | |||
R Rw > ayin | |||
Allow ''ntt'' unlike Pali and like Finnish? | |||
Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin) | |||
*Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate? | |||
*should be P-Talmic | |||
*Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves? | *Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves? | ||
* | *-tl-, -dl- > -ċċ-, -ġġ- used mainly in names | ||
*''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix | *''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix | ||
*''massah'' = dark | |||
*''Tamī3inai'' = Wen Dămea | |||
*''ħammih'' = wheat (~ sñyrm) | |||
*''dallhatuh'' = strife | |||
*''hienaθini'' = sleep soundly | |||
*''-zzah'' = deverbal noun | |||
**''muoġiazzah'' = food | |||
*''nhuobai'' = jaw | |||
*''natterai'' = chain | |||
== Diachronics == | |||
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara ġą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą luġġeθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āċą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miauġūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar. | |||
i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V | |||
final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian) | |||
==Historical phonology== | ==Historical phonology== | ||
| Line 38: | Line 63: | ||
===Cluster assimilations=== | ===Cluster assimilations=== | ||
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially. | Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially. | ||
*'' | *''bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl'' > ''bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi'' | ||
*'' | *''ql, ȝl'' > ''qq, ȝȝ'' | ||
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll'' | *''nl, rl'' > both ''ll'' | ||
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, | *''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh'' | ||
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg'' | *''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg'' | ||
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, | *''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh'' | ||
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ'' | *''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ'' | ||
*''mr'' > ''mm'' | *''mr'' > ''mm'' | ||
| Line 49: | Line 74: | ||
*''mn'' > ''nn'' | *''mn'' > ''nn'' | ||
*''rC'' > ''CC'' | *''rC'' > ''CC'' | ||
*''lC'' > '':C'' | *''lC'' > '':C''; ''lv'' > ''vv'' | ||
*''ct'' > ''tt'' | *''ct'' > ''tt'' | ||
*''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative'' | *''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative'' | ||
*''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv'' | *''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv'' | ||
===Co-reflexes with Eevo=== | ===Co-reflexes with Eevo=== | ||
*''aw'' ~ ''uo, ā, a+C'' | *''aw'' ~ ''uo, ā, a+C'' | ||
| Line 61: | Line 87: | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology | The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed. | Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed. | ||
=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
{|class=" | |||
|- | |- | ||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian | |+'''Consonant phonemes in Old Nurian''' | ||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2" | Labial | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
!colspan="2" | Dental | !colspan="2" | Dental | ||
!colspan="2" | Alveolar | !colspan="2" | Alveolar/Retroflex | ||
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar | !rowspan="2" | Postalveolar | ||
!colspan="2" | Velar | !colspan="2" | Velar | ||
| Line 116: | Line 138: | ||
!<small>tenuis</small> | !<small>tenuis</small> | ||
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ | | '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ | ||
| '''t''' t̪ˠ || | | '''t''' t̪ˠ || '''ti''' t̪ˢʲ | ||
| || ''' | | '''t{{cdb}}''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''t{{cdb}}i''' tʲ | ||
| '''ċi''' tʃ | | '''ċi''' tʃ | ||
| '''ki''' kʲ | | '''ki''' kʲ | ||
| '''k''' k | | '''k''' k | ||
| | | '''q, qi''' ʡ | ||
| '''-r''' ʔ | | '''-r''' ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ | | '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ | ||
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || | | '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || '''thi''' t̪ˢʲʰ | ||
| || ''' | | '''t{{cdb}}h''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''t{{cdb}}hi''' tʲʰ | ||
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ | | '''ċhi''' tʃʰ | ||
| '''khi''' kʲʰ | | '''khi''' kʲʰ | ||
| '''kh''' kʰ | | '''kh''' kʰ | ||
| | | '''qh, qhi''' ʡʰ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ | | '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ | ||
| '''d''' d̪ˠ || | | '''d''' d̪ˠ || '''di''' d̪ᶻʲ | ||
| || ''' | | '''d{{cdb}}''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''d{{cdb}}i''' dʲ | ||
| '''ġi''' dʒ | | '''ġi''' dʒ | ||
| '''gi''' ɡʲ | | '''gi''' ɡʲ | ||
| Line 147: | Line 169: | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ | | '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ | ||
| ''' | | '''s''' s̪ˠ || | ||
| | | || '''si''' sʲ | ||
| '''ṡi''' ʃ | | '''ṡi''' ʃ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''h, hi''' h | | '''h, hi''' h | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ | | '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ | ||
| ''' | | '''z''' z̪ˠ || | ||
| | | || '''zi''' zʲ | ||
| '''żi''' ʒ | | '''żi''' ʒ | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 220: | Line 242: | ||
;Notes | ;Notes | ||
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated. | *Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated. | ||
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, | *All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ/, which are uvularized). | ||
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/. | *All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/. | ||
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ]. | */rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ]. | ||
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated. | */rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated. | ||
| Line 238: | Line 256: | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels. | Old Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes''' | |+ '''Vowel phonemes''' | ||
! rowspan="2" style=""| | ! rowspan="2" style=""| | ||
| Line 280: | Line 298: | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Diphthongs:''' / | '''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/ | ||
;Notes | ;Notes | ||
*/a aː/ each have | */a aː/ each have two allophones: | ||
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants | **[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants. | ||
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/ | **[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/ | ||
Romanization: | |||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
| Line 502: | Line 334: | ||
*''ie'': soft /iə/ | *''ie'': soft /iə/ | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
===Stress=== | |||
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic: | |||
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable; | |||
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed. | |||
==Orthography== | |||
Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script. | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
:''Main article: [[{{ | :''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Morphology]]'' | ||
== Numerals == | |||
Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah'' | |||
* ''pēm, pēmai, pēmah'' '1', ''thām, thāmai, thāmah'' '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives | |||
* ''θiuor'' '2', ''ħuor'' '10', and ''ħuoθθiur'' '12' decline like a dual adjective | |||
* ''naġġį'' '3', ''δiaubį'' '4' and their teen counterparts are i-stem masculines | |||
* ''salle'' (< saliθe) '5' is indeclinable | |||
* ''ruodih, laddih, habbih'' are i-stem neuters | |||
* ''miekah'' is an o-stem noun | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Nurian uses SVO, head-initial syntax. There are no articles. | |||
:'''''Guoδati damibeh jāni betthar.''''' | |||
:[ˈguɔðˠɑtʲi ˈdˠɑmʲɪbʲæh ˈjæːnʲi ˈbʲættʰˠɑɾ] | |||
:guoδ-ti tam-ibeh jāni betth-ar | |||
:remain-3PL leaf-PL.CST laurel.SG.ABS.NOM green-PL.F.ABS.NOM | |||
:''Laurel leaves stay green.'' | |||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
*''kaC-, kat'' = 'and' | *''kaC-, kat'' = 'and' | ||
**''ħuġġiah kap | **''ħuġġiah kap pālei'' = 'bread and milk' | ||
*'' | *''ei'' (/ɛɪ/) = 'not' | ||
*''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if' | *''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if' | ||
* ''khą'' = but | |||
* ''rį'' = relativizer | |||
* ''fim'' = complementizer | |||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
| Line 518: | Line 381: | ||
==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:''Kakarai | :''Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.'' | ||
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ | :[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː] | ||
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F | :human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F | ||
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category: | ==Poetry== | ||
Greek and Latin quantitative meters, no rhyming | |||
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quame languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Pseudo-Arabic]] | |||