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[[Nurian/Lexicon]] | |||
{{Infobox language | |||
|image = | |||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|nativename = ''nūrimę'' | |||
|setting=Tíogallverse | |||
|pronunciation = | |||
|region = Southwestern Talma | |||
|country = Nuria | |||
|familycolor=PfK | |||
|fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]] | |||
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] | |||
|fam3= Thensaric | |||
|script={{PAGENAME}} script | |||
|iso3=qnr | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''gaffą nūrimę'', [[Tíogall]]: ''an Núirimh'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, and Lithuanian. Close relatives include [[Tíogall]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Nurian is the official language of Nuria (''Nūrē'') in southwestern Talma. More than any other Talmic language, Nurian exhibits stark diglossia: Standard Nurian is easily the most conservative extant [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] language in both lexicon, grammar, and phonology, but colloquial Nurian is much different. | |||
==Todo== | |||
''Thannyssuoh'' = Stánsa | |||
''fiankā'' = letter | |||
''muttą'' = black | |||
''lenkah'' = chili pepper | |||
''thȳviah'' = heart | |||
''aillī'' (f) = love | |||
''ȝatthrani'' = to laugh | |||
''ħausini'' = to be born | |||
''ȝeggani'' = to pull | |||
''viattheni'' = to get | |||
''fassa'' = near | |||
''khaibyni'' = cry | |||
''niθani'' = sleep | |||
''brissini'' = speak | |||
''abbrissini'' = confirm | |||
''fuothani'' = drive | |||
''nūrakarą'' = Nurian person | |||
Numbers: ċēmy̨, tithuor, nagge, δaube, saliθe, thāmy̨, ruode, laθθe, bavve, ħiuor | |||
==Historical phonology== | |||
*''-am -em -im -om -um -ym -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm -ȳm'' > ''-ą -ę -į -ą -ų -y̨ -ą -ę -į -ų -ų -y̨'' | |||
*''-s'' > ''-h'' | |||
*Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu'' | |||
*''e ē ea eā'' > ''e ē ia iā'' /ʲa ʲaː ʲa ʲaː/ | |||
*''o, ō'' > ''a, uo'' | |||
===Cluster assimilations=== | |||
Double consonants become single word-initially. | |||
*''pl bl ml fl tl dl cl gl ngl'' > ''ppi bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi kki ggi ngi'' | |||
*''ħl, ȝl'' > ''ħħ, ȝȝ'' | |||
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll'' | |||
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh'' | |||
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, dd, gg'' | |||
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ'' | |||
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ'' | |||
*''mr'' > ''nn'' | |||
*''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng'' | |||
*''mn'' > ''nn'' | |||
*''rC'' > ''CC'' | |||
*''lC'' > '':C'' | |||
*''ct'' > ''tt'' | |||
*''mφ, ns'' > ''[+nasal]f, [+nasal]s'' | |||
*''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv'' | |||
==Numbers== | |||
==Phonology== | |||
The Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 56 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. | |||
There are two major accents of Standard Nurian. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant or consonant + /r, rʲ/. In compensation Nurian is rich in geminate consonants; word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/ and vowels are allowed. | |||
===Dagȳne accent=== | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)''' | |||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="2" | Labial | |||
!colspan="2" | Dental | |||
!colspan="2" | Alveolar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar | |||
!colspan="2" | Velar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Radical | |||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| Nasal | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''mh''' m̊ˠ || '''mhi''' m̊ʲ | |||
| '''nh''' n̪̊ˠ || | |||
| || '''nhi''' n̊ʲ | |||
| | |||
| '''nghi''' ŋ̊ʲ | |||
| '''ngh''' ŋ̊ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''m''' mˠ || '''mi''' mʲ | |||
| '''n''' n̪ˠ || | |||
| || '''ni''' nʲ | |||
| | |||
| '''ngi''' ŋʲ | |||
| '''ng''' ŋ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3" | Stop | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ | |||
| '''t''' t̪ˠ || | |||
| || '''ti''' tʲ | |||
| '''ċi''' tʃ | |||
| '''ki''' kʲ | |||
| '''k''' k | |||
| | |||
| '''-r''' ʔ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ | |||
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || | |||
| || '''thi''' tʲʰ | |||
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ | |||
| '''khi''' kʲʰ | |||
| '''kh''' kʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ | |||
| '''d''' d̪ˠ || | |||
| || '''di''' dʲ | |||
| '''ġi''' dʒ | |||
| '''gi''' ɡʲ | |||
| '''g''' ɡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ | |||
| '''θ''' θˠ || '''θi''' θʲ | |||
| '''s''' sˠ || '''si''' sʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ħ, ħi''' ħ | |||
| '''h, hi''' h | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ | |||
| '''δ''' ðˠ || '''δi''' ðʲ | |||
| '''z''' zˠ || '''zi''' zʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Trill | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| '''rh''' r̥ˠ || '''rhi''' r̥ʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| '''r''' rˠ || '''ri''' rʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Lateral | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| || | |||
| '''lh''' l̥ˠ || | |||
| || '''lhi''' l̥ʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| || | |||
| '''l''' lˠ || | |||
| || '''li''' lʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Approximant | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| | |||
| '''j''' j | |||
| | |||
| '''ȝ, ȝi''' ʕ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
;Notes | |||
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated. | |||
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized). | |||
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/. | |||
*/tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ]. | |||
*/tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ]. | |||
*/θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð]. | |||
*/sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ]. | |||
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ]. | |||
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated. | |||
*/lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ]. | |||
*/lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ]. | |||
*/ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄]. | |||
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ]. | |||
*Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ]. | |||
*/ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ]. | |||
*/ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞]. | |||
*/h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants. | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes''' | |||
! rowspan="2" style=""| | |||
! colspan="3" style="" |Front | |||
! colspan="3" style="" |Central | |||
! colspan="3" style="" |Back | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | |||
| /iː/ | |||
| /ĩː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| /ʊ/ | |||
| /uː/ | |||
| /ũː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| [ɛ~æ] | |||
| [æː] | |||
| | |||
| /a/ | |||
| /aː/ | |||
| /ãː/ | |||
| [ɑ] | |||
| [ɑː] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
'''Diphthongs:''' /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/ | |||
;Notes | |||
*Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants. | |||
*/a aː/ each have three allophones: | |||
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants | |||
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/ | |||
*Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː] | |||
===Fiuġġēra accent=== | |||
The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain. | |||
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
|+'''Consonant phonemes (Fiuġġēra)''' | |||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="2" | Labial | |||
!colspan="2" | Dental | |||
!colspan="2" | Alveolar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar | |||
!colspan="2" | Velar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Radical | |||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"| Nasal | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| m̊ʶ || m̊ | |||
| n̥ʶ || | |||
| || n̥ | |||
| | |||
| ɲ̊ | |||
| ŋ̊ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| mʶ || m | |||
| n̪ʶ || | |||
| || n | |||
| | |||
| ɲ | |||
| ŋʶ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3" | Stop | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| pʶ || p | |||
| tʶ || | |||
| || t | |||
| tʃ | |||
| k | |||
| kʶ | |||
| | |||
| ʔ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| pʶʰ || pʰ | |||
| tʶʰ || | |||
| || tʰ | |||
| tʃʰ | |||
| kʰ | |||
| kʶʰ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| bʶ || b | |||
| dʶ || | |||
| || d | |||
| dʒ | |||
| g | |||
| ɡʶ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| fʶ || f | |||
| || θ | |||
| sʶ || s | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ħ | |||
| h | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| vʶ || | |||
| || ð | |||
| zʶ || z | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Trill | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| r̥ʶ || r̥ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| rʶ || r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Lateral | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| || | |||
| ɬʶ || | |||
| || ɬ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || l | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Approximant | |||
| wʶ || w | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
| ʕ | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
;Notes | |||
*Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants. | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic: | |||
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable; | |||
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed. | |||
==Orthography== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Consonants''' | |||
|- | |||
!|Grapheme | |||
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''θ''!!''δ''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''k''!!''g''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j'' | |||
|- | |||
!Hard | |||
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/h/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/j/ | |||
|- | |||
!Soft | |||
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/ | |||
|} | |||
The pairs of aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ/, /tʰˠ tʰʲ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʲʰ kʰ/, /m̊ˠ m̊ʲ/, /n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ/, /ɲ̊ ŋ̊/, /l̥ˠ l̥ʲ/, /r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written {{angbr|''ph, th, ċh, kh, mh, nh, ngh, lh, rh''}}. | |||
Final ''-r'' is pronounced /ʔ/. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
*''a'': hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ] | |||
*''ā'': hard /aː/ [ɑː] | |||
*''ą'': hard /ãː/ | |||
*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ] | |||
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ] | |||
*''y'': hard /ɪ/ [ë] | |||
*''y'': hard /iː/ | |||
*''y̨'': hard /ĩː/ | |||
*''u'': hard /ʊ/ | |||
*''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/ | |||
*''uo'': hard /uɔ/ | |||
*''ū'': hard /uː/ | |||
*''ų'': hard /ũː/ | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
*''ia, e'': soft /a/ [ɛ] | |||
*''iā, ē'': soft /aː/ [æː] | |||
*''ią, ę'': soft /ãː/ | |||
*''iai'': soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ] | |||
*''iau'': soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ] | |||
*''i'': soft /ɪ/ | |||
*''ī'': soft /iː/ | |||
*''į'': soft /ĩː/ | |||
*''iu'': soft /ʊ/ | |||
*''ui'': soft /ʊɪ/ | |||
*''iuo'': soft /uɔ/ | |||
*''iū'': soft /uː/ | |||
*''ių'': soft /ũː/ | |||
*''ie'': soft /iə/ | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
==Grammar== | |||
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order. | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
Sgv-clv-plv system. | |||
===Nouns and adjectives=== | |||
====Masculine nouns==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | ''θȳrą'' 'bird' | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Collective | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| ''θȳrą'' || ''θyθȳrą'' || ''θȳrīh'' | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
| ''θȳrai'' || ''θyθȳrai'' || ''θȳrinny'' | |||
|} | |||
====Feminine nouns==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | ''gandā'' 'body' | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Collective | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| ''gandā'' || ''gagandā'' || ''gandār'' | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
| ''gandą'' || ''gagandą'' || ''gandāh'' | |||
|} | |||
====Neuter nouns==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | ''tettyh'' 'child' | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Collective | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Plurative | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| ''tettyh'' || ''tetettyh'' || ''tettȳn'' | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
| ''tettȳh'' || ''tetettȳh'' || ''tettȳr'' | |||
|} | |||
====Mass nouns==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | |||
! colspan="4" | ''jenāh'' 'water' (n.) | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 90px;" | | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative | |||
! style="width: 100px;" | Collective | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| ''jenāh'' || ''jenenāh'' | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
| ''jenaȝeh'' || ''jenenaȝeh'' | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
====TAM==== | |||
=====Present===== | |||
{| class="bluetable" | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! ''tussani'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassyni'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem) | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || tussani || tareni || aillini || kassyni | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || tussar || tarer || aillir || kassyr | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG.M || tussą || tarę || aillį || kassy̨ | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG.F || tussah || tareh || aillih || kassyh | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG.N || tussa || tare || ailli || kassy | |||
|- | |||
| 1EX || tussamē || taremē || aillimē || kassymē | |||
|- | |||
| 1IN || tussanti || tarenti || aillinti || kassynti | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || tussaċċhi || tareċċhi || ailliċċhi || kassyċċhi | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || tussati || tareti || ailliti || kassyti | |||
|} | |||
=====Imperfect===== | |||
Reduplication rules: | |||
*If word begins with C, redup first CV (V is shortened) | |||
=====Preterite===== | |||
{| class="bluetable" | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! ''tussan'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''taren'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillin'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassyn'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem) | |||
|- | |||
| 1SG || tussanne || tarenne || aillinne || ċēnne | |||
|- | |||
| 2SG || tussarȳ || tarerȳ || aillirȳ || ċērȳ | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG.M || tussamhi || taremhi || aillimhi || ċēmhi | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG.F || tussatthi || taretthi || aillitthi || ċētthi | |||
|- | |||
| 3SG.N || tussasa || taresa || aillisa || ċēsa | |||
|- | |||
| 1EX || tussamer || taremer || aillimer || ċēmer | |||
|- | |||
| 1IN || tussanter || tarenter || aillinter || ċēnter | |||
|- | |||
| 2PL || tussaċċher || tareċċher || ailliċċher || ċēċċher | |||
|- | |||
| 3PL || tussati || tareti || ailliti || ċēter | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | |||
===Particles=== | |||
*''ank'' = 'and' | |||
**''ħuġġiah ank pādī'' [ˈħʊdʒːæh æŋk paːdʲiː] = 'bread and milk' | |||
*''nīh'' (/nʲiːh/) = 'not' | |||
===Relative clauses=== | |||
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause. | |||
==Phrasebook== | |||
*''Adduorī!'' = 'Hello!' | |||
==Sample texts== | |||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | |||
:''Kakarai ħausį gagāry̨ ank θeθēvų di khussiū ank iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį gą ȝiabbī ank dȳkaluttī, siūȝą danθū ētariākah ħaibatthyh di helą venghimę.'' | |||
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈgaːrˠɘ̃ː k θʲɛˈθʲæːvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː k ˈɪdʒːɛtˠuː | æmʲːiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː gɑ̃ː ʕæbʲːiː k dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, sʲuːʕæ̃ː dˠɐnθˠuː æːtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɪh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː] | |||
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M with reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F | |||
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | |||
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Languages]] |
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