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Pangali: Difference between revisions
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The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases. | The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases. | ||
The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve. | The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve. | ||
= Phonology and Orthography = | |||
== Phoneme Inventory == | |||
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 consonants if one doesn't include geminates, 21 consonants if one does, and a final 26 if one also includes allophonic variations. Some unique features that may be noted are the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops and phonemic consonant length amongst the nasals, fricatives, and the lateral approximant. | Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 consonants if one doesn't include geminates, 21 consonants if one does, and a final 26 if one also includes allophonic variations. Some unique features that may be noted are the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops and phonemic consonant length amongst the nasals, fricatives, and the lateral approximant. | ||
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== Romanization == | |||
The Pangalu have no writing system and due to cultural reasons have declined offers to be taught the Romanization provided by academics. Despite this, field linguists who have begun the process of recording the language have developed a relatively Anglo-centric Romanization system, which is presented below in the following tables and shall be used throughout this article. | The Pangalu have no writing system and due to cultural reasons have declined offers to be taught the Romanization provided by academics. Despite this, field linguists who have begun the process of recording the language have developed a relatively Anglo-centric Romanization system, which is presented below in the following tables and shall be used throughout this article. | ||
==== Consonants ==== | ==== Consonants ==== | ||
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== Allophonic Variation == | |||
==== Intervocalic Lenition ==== | |||
<u>Nonprenasalized and nongeminated consonants that occur intervocalically are voiced if the preceding syllable is unstressed:</u> | <u>Nonprenasalized and nongeminated consonants that occur intervocalically are voiced if the preceding syllable is unstressed:</u> | ||
*''upaki'' /upaki/ = [ˈu.pa.gi] | *''upaki'' /upaki/ = [ˈu.pa.gi] | ||
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**''ngkila'' /<sup>ŋ</sup>kila/ = [ˈ<sup>ŋ</sup>kila], not *[<sup>ˈŋ</sup>kilə] | **''ngkila'' /<sup>ŋ</sup>kila/ = [ˈ<sup>ŋ</sup>kila], not *[<sup>ˈŋ</sup>kilə] | ||
== Phonotactics == | |||
Pangali's phonotactics are fairly simple, not unlike that of Tagalog, with a syllable structure of (C)V. | Pangali's phonotactics are fairly simple, not unlike that of Tagalog, with a syllable structure of (C)V. | ||
===== Onset ===== | ===== Onset ===== | ||
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*Helicopter: /ˈhɛl.iˌkɒp.təɹ/ > /ʔalikuputalu/, [ˈʔa.liˌku.pu.da.lu] | *Helicopter: /ˈhɛl.iˌkɒp.təɹ/ > /ʔalikuputalu/, [ˈʔa.liˌku.pu.da.lu] | ||
= Numbers = | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
= Nouns = | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
= Verbs = | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
== Person == | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
== Tense == | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
=== Present Tense === | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
== | === Past Tense === | ||
== | ==== Neutral Past ==== | ||
==== Recent Past ==== | |||
==== Remote Past ==== | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
== Aspect == | |||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
=== Episodic === | |||
==== Gnomic ==== | |||
==== Habitual ==== | |||
=== Stative === | |||
==== Inchoative ==== | |||
==== Cessative ==== | |||
==== Progressive ==== | |||
==== Continuous ==== | |||
==== Discontinuous ==== | |||
=== Relative === | |||
==== Retrospective ==== | |||
==== Prospective ==== | |||
== Derivational Morphology == | == Derivational Morphology == | ||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||
== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | |||