Pangali: Difference between revisions

The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve.

= Phonology and Orthography =

== Phoneme Inventory ==

Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 consonants if one doesn't include geminates, 21 consonants if one does, and a final 26 if one also includes allophonic variations. Some unique features that may be noted are the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops and phonemic consonant length amongst the nasals, fricatives, and the lateral approximant.

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The Pangalu have no writing system and due to cultural reasons have declined offers to be taught the Romanization provided by academics. Despite this, field linguists who have begun the process of recording the language have developed a relatively Anglo-centric Romanization system, which is presented below in the following tables and shall be used throughout this article.

==== Consonants ====

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<u>Nonprenasalized and nongeminated consonants that occur intervocalically are voiced if the preceding syllable is unstressed:</u>

*''upaki'' /upaki/ = [ˈu.pa.gi]

*''ngotasa'' /ŋotasa/ = [ˈŋo.ta.zə]

** ''ngotassa'' /ŋotasːa/ = [ˈŋo.taˌsːa], not *[ˈŋo.taˌzːa]

<u>Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised to [ɐ]:</u>

*''piha'' /piʔa/ = [ˈpɨʔa]

<u>/i/ and /u/ are lowered preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:</u>

*''sintu'' /siⁿtu/ = [ˈsɛ.ⁿtu]

*''hunga'' /ʔuŋa/ = [ˈʔɔ. ŋa]

<u>/w/ is fortifies to [g^w] in stressed onset positions preceding /u/ and to [v] intervocalically when the preceding syllable is unstressed.</u>

**''hawi'' /ʔawi/ = [ˈʔa.wi], not *[ˈʔa.vi]

<u>/a/ is reduced to /ə/ in word final syllables if the preceding syllable is unstressed.</u>

== Phonotactics ==

Pangali's phonotactics are fairly simple, not unlike that of Tagalog, with a syllable structure of (C)V.  

Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant. Word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets.

The nucleus of a syllable requires a vowel and is restricted to the single vowel.

Codas are forbidden, therefore all syllables are open.

In instances where a word ending in null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset.

*/satu/ + /ulunasa/ = /satu ŋulunasa/

Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; but it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity.

Note the insertion of /u/ to break apart clusters in the following example.

*Helicopter: /ˈhɛl.iˌkɒp.təɹ/ > /ʔalikuputalu/, [ˈʔa.liˌku.pu.da.lu]

= Numbers =

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