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Pangali: Difference between revisions
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→Phonology and Orthography
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! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| <center>/p/ / | | <center>/p/ /ᵐp/ [b]</center> | ||
| <center>/t/ / | | <center>/t/ /ⁿt/ [d]</center> | ||
| | | | ||
| <center>/k/ / | | <center>/k/ /ᵑk/ [g] [gʷ]</center> | ||
| <center>/ʔ/</center> | | <center>/ʔ/</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Nonprenasalized and nongeminated consonants that occur intervocalically are voiced if the preceding syllable is unstressed: | Nonprenasalized and nongeminated consonants that occur intervocalically are voiced if the preceding syllable is unstressed: | ||
*''upaki'' /upaki/ = [u.baˈki] | *''upaki'' /upaki/ = [u.baˈki] | ||
** ''umpaki'' / | ** ''umpaki'' /uᵐpaki / = [ˈu.ᵐpaˈki], not *[ˈu.ᵐbaˈki] | ||
*''ngutasa'' /ŋutasa/ = [ˈŋu.ta.zə] | *''ngutasa'' /ŋutasa/ = [ˈŋu.ta.zə] | ||
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/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants: | /i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants: | ||
*''sintu'' / | *''sintu'' /siⁿtu/ = [ˈsɛ.ⁿtu] | ||
*''hunga'' /ʔuŋa/ = [ˈʔɔ. ŋa] | *''hunga'' /ʔuŋa/ = [ˈʔɔ. ŋa] | ||
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/w/ fortifies to [g<sup>w</sup>] in stressed onset positions preceding /u/ and to [v] intervocalically when the preceding syllable is unstressed: | /w/ fortifies to [g<sup>w</sup>] in stressed onset positions preceding /u/ and to [v] intervocalically when the preceding syllable is unstressed: | ||
*''wupani'' /wupani/ = [ | *''wupani'' /wupani/ = [ˈgʷu.pa.ni] | ||
**''wapani'' /wapani/ = [ˈwa.pa.ni], not *[ | **''wapani'' /wapani/ = [ˈwa.pa.ni], not *[ˈgʷa.pa.ni] | ||
*''ngisatawu'' /ŋisatawu/ = [ˈŋi.sa.da.vu] | *''ngisatawu'' /ŋisatawu/ = [ˈŋi.sa.da.vu] | ||
**''hawi'' /ʔawi/ = [ˈʔa.wi], not *[ˈʔa.vi] | **''hawi'' /ʔawi/ = [ˈʔa.wi], not *[ˈʔa.vi] | ||
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/a/ is reduced to /ə/ in word final syllables if the preceding syllable is unstressed: | /a/ is reduced to /ə/ in word final syllables if the preceding syllable is unstressed: | ||
*''ungkushala'' / | *''ungkushala'' /uᵑkuʃala/ = [ɔ.ˈᵑku.ʃa.lə] | ||
**''ngkila'' / | **''ngkila'' /ᵑkila/ = [ˈᵑkila], not *[ᵑkilə] | ||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
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In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this. | In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this. | ||
*/satu/ + /ulunasa/ = [saˈtɔ ŋu.lɔˈna.sa] | */satu/ + /ulunasa/ = [saˈtɔ ŋu.lɔˈna.sa] | ||
**/satu/ + / | **/satu/ + /ŋaᵐpinasa/ = [saˈtu ˈŋaᵐpi.na.zə] | ||
==== Loanwords ==== | ==== Loanwords ==== | ||
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When Onset Articulation is factored in, then prenasalized consonants are stronger than any plain consonants, however geminated consonants are only greater than their plain counterparts and gain secondary stress when stronger plain placements are present within a word. | When Onset Articulation is factored in, then prenasalized consonants are stronger than any plain consonants, however geminated consonants are only greater than their plain counterparts and gain secondary stress when stronger plain placements are present within a word. | ||
Thus / | Thus /ᵐp/ will always attract stress over /ʔ/, /k/, or /w/ despite its placement of bilabial being "weaker" than the velar placement; a word such as /ŋutasːa/ is stressed as [ˈŋutaˌsːa], not *[ŋu.daˈsːa]. | ||
Stress is placed on the initial syllable whenever all onsets in a word are identical; when two identical strong consonants are present in any word 3 syllables or longer then the most left-leaning strong syllable is stressed. | Stress is placed on the initial syllable whenever all onsets in a word are identical; when two identical strong consonants are present in any word 3 syllables or longer then the most left-leaning strong syllable is stressed. | ||