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Pangali: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Pangali | |name = Pangali | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = Ńipańariâ,<br />Pańari | ||
|pronunciation = [ŋi. | |pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.ɹɨˈʔa],<br /> [pa.ŋaˈði] | ||
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br /> | |creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br /> | ||
|created = August 8th, 2019 | |created = August 8th, 2019 | ||
|setting = | |setting = | ||
|fam1 = [[Language Isolate]] | |fam1 = [[Language Isolate]] | ||
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (Romanization, academic) | |script = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (Romanization, academic) | ||
| Line 19: | Line 18: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Pangali''' (English: /peɪŋˈgɑli/ or /pɛnˈgɑli/) is <s>a poorly made attempt at channeling the creator's artistic nature</s> a constructed language developed by Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni for the purposes of his own <s>gasket-blowing frustration</s> enjoyment and glee. | '''Pangali''' (English: /pɑŋˈgɑli/, /peɪŋˈgɑli/, or /pɛnˈgɑli/) is <s>a poorly made attempt at channeling the creator's artistic nature</s> a constructed language developed by Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni for the purposes of his own <s>gasket-blowing frustration</s> enjoyment and glee. | ||
= Introduction = | = Introduction = | ||
<big><center> '''[WARNING - ACHTUNG - AVERTISSEMENT]''' </center></big> | |||
This article is '''very much''' a WIP, examples being inconsistency in formatting/style and references to features not yet fleshed out, as well as some small mentionings of a dialect called Luâi. I '''''realize''''' this is the case, however as someone who has ADHD (primarily inattentive type for the curious informed) and is ''extremely'' busy, my ability to consistently and coherently update this article is abysmal at best. | |||
Thanks for understanding, people who obviously care as much as I do! /s | |||
=== Fictional Setting === | === Fictional Setting === | ||
The Pangali language is the language used by the Pangalu, or the Pangali people, an indigenous people of the Pangali island chain, which is located roughly five hundred and thirty kilometers due west of the Phillipines. | The Pangali language is the language used by the Pangalu, or the Pangali people, an indigenous people of the Pangali island chain, which is located roughly five hundred and thirty kilometers due west of the Phillipines. | ||
Until 2003 they were considered an uncontacted people, but on March 17th, 2003 an exploratory party onboard a rudimentary sailing vessel voyaged from the northern island of | Until 2003 they were considered an uncontacted people, but on March 17th, 2003 an exploratory party onboard a rudimentary sailing vessel voyaged from the northern island of Baluwikaûnu towards the Phillipines. Enroute to their destination, however, they were intercepted by the Philippine Coast Guard some two hundred kilometers northeast of the coast of Tandag City and, controversially, detained for a period of 5 months and 23 days. | ||
Official justification for the length of the detainment was given by the Phillipine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) soon after the party’s release, stating: | Official justification for the length of the detainment was given by the Phillipine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) soon after the party’s release, stating: | ||
| Line 36: | Line 40: | ||
The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases. | The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases. | ||
The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve. | The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve. | ||
= Phonology | |||
= Phonology = | |||
In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time. | In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time. | ||
=== Phoneme Inventory === | === Phoneme Inventory === | ||
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable | Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops. | ||
The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center" | |||
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory | |||
{| class=" | |||
|+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | | ||
! Labial | |||
! Alveolar | |||
! Palatal | |||
! Velar | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2|Nasal | ||
| | |m {{angbr|m}} | ||
| | |n {{angbr|n}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | |ŋ {{angbr|ń}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | Plosive | ||
| | ! Plain | ||
| | |p {{angbr|p}} | ||
| | |t {{angbr|t}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | |k {{angbr|k}} | ||
|ʔ {{angbr|ˆ}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Prenasalized | ||
| | |ᵐp {{angbr|b}} | ||
| | |ⁿt {{angbr|d}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | |ᵑk {{angbr|g}} | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |- | ||
! colspan=2|Approximant | |||
| | |||
|ɹ {{angbr|r}} | |||
|j {{angbr|j}} | |||
|w {{angbr|w}} | |||
|h {{angbr|h,hj}} | |||
|- | |||
Notes: | |||
*The alveolar plosives /t/ and /ⁿt/ are laminal. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center" | |||
{| class=" | |+Pangali Vowel Inventory | ||
|+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! || Front | ! || Front || Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Close | ! Close | ||
| | |i {{angbr|i}} | ||
| | |u {{angbr|u}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
| | |a {{angbr|a}} | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 111: | Line 107: | ||
=== Romanization === | === Romanization === | ||
The Pangalu have no writing system | The Pangalu currently have no official writing system but offers to be taught the romanization used in the recorded lexicon produced by academics have been met with enthusiasim. | ||
==== | |||
{| class=" | === Allophonic Variation === | ||
| | ==== Plosives ==== | ||
Comprising 12 different allophonic variations, Pangali's plosives are the most unstable aspect of the language's phonological inventory. | |||
! | ===== <small>Sonorization</small> ===== | ||
Standard Pangali: Plain voiceless plosives become voiced in intervocalic positions. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
!Shift | |||
!Example | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !p → b / V_V | ||
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ʔuˈ'''b'''a] | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !t → d / V_V | ||
| | |/huwu'''t'''uwi/ → [hu.wu.'''d'''uˈɣʷi]<sup>1</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !k → g / V_V | ||
| | |/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ⁿtaˈ'''g'''u] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | |||
{| class=" | Notes: | ||
| | *A minority of speakers only voice /p t k/ in unstressed syllables, primarily in the more southern islands. | ||
===== <small>Dissimilation</small> ===== | |||
Word initially, /p t k/ spirantize to [f s x] when the following syllable shares the same onset. Under the same conditions intervocalically, /p t k/ instead affricate to [p͡f t͡s k͡x]: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
!Word Initial | |||
!Example | |||
!Intervocalic | |||
!Example | |||
|- | |||
!p → f / _Vp | |||
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba] | |||
!p → p͡f / V_Vp | |||
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !t → s / _Vt | ||
| | |/'''t'''utiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈða] | ||
!t → t͡s / V_Vt | |||
| | |/ᵐpi'''t'''utiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈða] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !k → x / _Vk | ||
| | |/'''k'''uka/ → ['''x'''uˈga] | ||
!k → k͡x / V_Vk | |||
| | |/ᵐpi'''k'''uka/ → [ᵐpi.'''k͡x'''uˈga] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Notes: | |||
*It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized word initially. | |||
*For the speakers from the island of ''Batawutarjikuri'' affricates continue to occur both word intially and intervocalically. | |||
* | |||
* | |||
==== Approximants ==== | |||
===== <small>Fortition</small> ===== | |||
/ɹ j w/ fortify to [ð̠ ʝ ɣʷ] when occurring in a stressed syllable: | |||
==== | {|class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center" | ||
! Shifts | |||
! colspan=2 | Examples | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | ɹ → ð̠ | |||
|/pa'''ɹ'''a/ → [paˈ'''ð̠'''a] | |||
|- | |||
|/ki'''ɹ'''i/ → [kiˈ'''ð̠'''i] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | j → ʝ | |||
|/iɹata'''j'''u/ → [i.ɹa.daˈ'''ʝ'''u] | |||
|- | |||
|/ni'''j'''a/ → [niˈ'''ʝ'''a] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | w → ɣʷ | |||
|/i'''w'''i/ → [iˈ'''ɣʷ'''i] | |||
|- | |||
|/ku'''w'''a/ → [kuˈ'''ɣʷ'''a] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
* | Notes: | ||
* | *The most common realization of /ɹ/ is [ð̠], a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, but some speakers may realize it as the sibilant counterpart [z] or even postalveolar [ʒ]. | ||
* | *Speakers who realize /ɹ/ as [ʒ] typically merge [ʒ] and [ʝ] to [ʒ]. | ||
*Technically, /w/ would be better transcribed as [ɣʷ~ɣ] due to notable free variation, however [ɣʷ] is more commonly encountered and thus the more common transcription. | |||
==== | ==== Vowels ==== | ||
===== <small>Centralization</small> ===== | |||
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised: | |||
== | {| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center" | ||
/ | |- | ||
!Shift | |||
!Example | |||
|- | |||
!a → ɐ /_ʔ | |||
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ → [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]<sup>2</sup> | |||
|- | |||
!u → ʉ /_ʔ | |||
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]<sup>2</sup> | |||
|- | |||
!i → ɨ /_ʔ | |||
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ → [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
* | Notes: | ||
* | *Southern speakers do not raise /a/, but rather retract it to [ɑ] | ||
*For many speakers, [ɨ] and [ʉ] may be in free variation with [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively. | |||
==== | ===== <small>Lowering</small> ===== | ||
/ | /i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
!Shift | |||
!colspan=2 | Examples | |||
|- | |||
!i → ɛ /_N | |||
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu] || /tat'''i'''nu/ → [sa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu] | |||
|- | |||
!u → ɔ /_N | |||
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa] || /k'''u'''maki/ → [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
| Line 204: | Line 240: | ||
==== Syllable Structure ==== | ==== Syllable Structure ==== | ||
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant | Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant except for /ɹ/ and /j/. | ||
Word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets, with the exception of /h/, which may only appear word initially. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open. | |||
==== Epenthesis ==== | ==== Epenthesis ==== | ||
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this. | In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this. | ||
*/ | */hatawu/ + /utunasa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷɔ ŋu.dɔ.naˈða] | ||
**/ | **/hatawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinaɹa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷu ŋa.ᵐpi.naˈða] | ||
==== Loanwords ==== | ==== Loanwords ==== | ||
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity. | Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible. | ||
Note the | Note the simplification of clusters to the second consonant in the example below: | ||
*Helicopter: / | *Helicopter: /ˈheliˌkɔptə(ɹ)/ → /hiɹikuta/ | ||
==== Stress ==== | ==== Stress ==== | ||
Lexical stress in Pangali falls on the final syllable of the root, and this remains true even if derivational suffixes apply. | |||
= Numbers = | = Numbers = | ||
| Line 239: | Line 267: | ||
The 6 categories that verbs in Pangali conjugate for are: Person, Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Evidentiality. | The 6 categories that verbs in Pangali conjugate for are: Person, Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Evidentiality. | ||
== Person == | === Person === | ||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | ||
== Tense == | === Tense === | ||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | ||
=== Present Tense === | ==== Present Tense ==== | ||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | ||
=== Past Tense === | ==== Past Tense ==== | ||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | ||
== Aspect == | === Aspect === | ||
Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | Filler text is text that shares some characteristics of a real written text, but is random or otherwise generated. It may be used to display a sample of fonts, generate text for testing, or to spoof an e-mail spam filter. The process of using filler text is sometimes called greeking, although the text itself may be nonsense, or largely Latin, as in Lorem ipsum. | ||
=== Episodic === | ==== Episodic ==== | ||
==== Gnomic ==== | ===== Gnomic ===== | ||
==== Habitual ==== | ===== Habitual ===== | ||
=== Stative === | ==== Stative ==== | ||
==== Inchoative ==== | ===== Inchoative ===== | ||
==== Cessative ==== | ===== Cessative ===== | ||
==== Progressive ==== | ===== Progressive ===== | ||
==== Continuous ==== | ===== Continuous ===== | ||
==== Discontinuous ==== | ===== Discontinuous ===== | ||
=== Relative === | ==== Relative ==== | ||
==== Retrospective = | ===== Retrospective ===== | ||
== | ===== Prospective ===== | ||
== Evidentiality == | === Mood === | ||
=== Evidentiality === | |||
= Derivational Morphology = | = Derivational Morphology = | ||
| Line 277: | Line 306: | ||
= Syntax = | = Syntax = | ||
== | === Parameter Order === | ||
Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb): | |||
[ⁿtɛ.mɔˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|ka.ɹu.wi.ɹi.ɡaˈvi] | |||
animal-ACC | father.ERG | CAUS-eat | |||
''The father is feeding the animal'' | |||
[ŋa.k͡xu.ɡɔ.maˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|i.ɹi.ɡaˈvi|hu|u.na.ŋaˈɡʷu|na.mu.wɛ.naˈvi] | |||
1P.GEN-apple-ACC | father.ERG CAUS-eat | REL | INTRANS-I | fear | |||
''I fear that my father is eating my apple.'' | |||
=== Topicalization === | |||
With the exception of the verb, which must be in the final position of a clause, phrases that are emphasized generally come first in a sentence. | |||
'''Śikimi baúmaliku śuwiwaúśuwi''' (Neutral) | |||
child-ACC bird.ERG DIM-bite | |||
''The bird nipped the child'' | |||
- | |||
'''Baúmaliku śikimi śuwiwaúśuwi''' (Emphasis on '''baúmaliku''') | |||
bird.ERG child-ACC DIM-bite | |||
''It was the bird that nipped the child'' | |||