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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Pangali
|name = Pangali
|nativename = Ngipangalusu'a,<br />Pangali
|nativename = Ńipańariâ,<br />Pańari
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.lu.zʉˈʔa],<br /> [paˈŋa.li]
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.ɹɨˈʔa],<br /> [pa.ŋaˈði]
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|created = August 8th, 2019
|created = August 8th, 2019
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}}
}}


'''Pangali''' (English: /peɪŋˈgɑli/ or /pɛnˈgɑli/) is <s>a poorly made attempt at channeling the creator's artistic nature</s> a constructed language developed by Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni for the purposes of his own <s>gasket-blowing frustration</s> enjoyment and glee.  
'''Pangali''' (English: /pɑŋˈgɑli/, /peɪŋˈgɑli/, or /pɛnˈgɑli/) is <s>a poorly made attempt at channeling the creator's artistic nature</s> a constructed language developed by Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni for the purposes of his own <s>gasket-blowing frustration</s> enjoyment and glee.  
= Introduction =
= Introduction =
<big><center> '''[WARNING - ACHTUNG - AVERTISSEMENT]''' </center></big>
This article is '''very much''' a WIP, examples being inconsistency in formatting/style and references to features not yet fleshed out, as well as some small mentionings of a dialect called Luâi. I '''''realize''''' this is the case, however as someone who has ADHD (primarily inattentive type for the curious informed) and is ''extremely'' busy, my ability to consistently and coherently update this article is abysmal at best.
Thanks for understanding, people who obviously care as much as I do! /s
=== Fictional Setting ===
=== Fictional Setting ===
The Pangali language is the language used by the Pangalu, or the Pangali people, an indigenous people of the Pangali island chain, which is located roughly five hundred and thirty kilometers due west of the Phillipines.  
The Pangali language is the language used by the Pangalu, or the Pangali people, an indigenous people of the Pangali island chain, which is located roughly five hundred and thirty kilometers due west of the Phillipines.  
Until 2003 they were considered an uncontacted people, but on March 17th, 2003 an exploratory party onboard a rudimentary sailing vessel voyaged from the northern island of Mpaluwika'unu towards the Phillipines. Enroute to their destination, however, they were intercepted by the Philippine Coast Guard some two hundred kilometers northeast of the coast of Tandag City and, controversially, detained for a period of 5 months and 23 days.
Until 2003 they were considered an uncontacted people, but on March 17th, 2003 an exploratory party onboard a rudimentary sailing vessel voyaged from the northern island of Baluwikaûnu towards the Phillipines. Enroute to their destination, however, they were intercepted by the Philippine Coast Guard some two hundred kilometers northeast of the coast of Tandag City and, controversially, detained for a period of 5 months and 23 days.


Official justification for the length of the detainment was given by the Phillipine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) soon after the party’s release, stating:  
Official justification for the length of the detainment was given by the Phillipine Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) soon after the party’s release, stating:  
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The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases.  
The language is classified as an agglutinative language isolate with a tripartite morphosyntatic alignment that declines nouns under a 12 case system and conjugates verbs for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Adjectives are not inflected and have zero-grade derivation for adverbial phrases.  
The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve.
The primary word order is OSV, however due to nouns being heavily inflected other word orders are possible, with SOV being the most prominently encountered alternate order. Whereas in many languages adpositions are used to indicate different relations between phrases, Pangali typically makes use of existing cases or a variation of Suffixaufnahme (also known as case stacking), wherein different cases are combined to carry the function of an adpositional function not normally covered by the standard twelve.
= Phonology and Orthography =
 
= Phonology =
In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 21 phonemic consonants. Some unique features that may be noted are the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops and phonemic consonant length amongst the nasals, fricatives, and lateral approximant.
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops.


The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
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! Labial
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=2|Nasal
| m {{angbr|m}}
|m {{angbr|m}}
| n {{angbr|n}}
|n {{angbr|n}}
|
| ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
|
|
|-
|ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
! rowspan=2 |Stop
! Prenasalized
| ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
| ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
|
| ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! Plain
! Plain
| p {{angbr|p}}
|p {{angbr|p}}
| t {{angbr|t}}
|t {{angbr|t}}
|  
|
| k {{angbr|k}}
|k {{angbr|k}}
| ʔ {{angbr |ˆ}}
|ʔ {{angbr|ˆ}}
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Prenasalized
! Prenasalized
|
|ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
| /ⁿs/ {{angbr|z}}
|ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
|
|
|
|-
! Plain
|
| /s/ {{angbr|s}}
| /ʃ/ {{angbr|ś}}
|
|
|ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
! colspan=2|Approximant
|  
|  
|
|ɹ {{angbr|r}}
|
|j {{angbr|j}}
|/w/ {{angbr|w}}
|w {{angbr|w}}
|
|h {{angbr|h,hj}}
|-
|-


Notes:
*The alveolar plosives /t/ and /ⁿt/ are laminal.


{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
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|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| /i/ {{angbr |i}}
|i {{angbr|i}}
| /u/ {{angbr |u}}
|u {{angbr|u}}
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|/a/ {{angbr |a}}
|a {{angbr|a}}
|
|
|-
|-
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=== Romanization ===
=== Romanization ===
The Pangalu have no writing system and due to cultural reasons have declined offers to be taught the Romanization provided by academics. Despite this, field linguists who have begun the process of recording the language have developed a relatively Anglo-centric Romanization system, which is presented below in the following tables and shall be used throughout this article.
The Pangalu currently have no official writing system but offers to be taught the romanization used in the recorded lexicon produced by academics have been met with enthusiasim.


=== Allophonic Variation ===
=== Allophonic Variation ===
==== Obstruent Sonorization ====
==== Plosives ====
Nonprenasalized obstruents lenite to their voiced counterparts in unstressed syllables when directly adjacent to a stressed syllable:
Comprising 12 different allophonic variations, Pangali's plosives are the most unstable aspect of the language's phonological inventory.
===== <small>Sonorization</small> =====
Standard Pangali: Plain voiceless plosives become voiced in intervocalic positions.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
|-
|-
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!Example
!Example
|-
|-
|/p/ → [b]
!p → b / V_V
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ˈʔu.'''b'''a]
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ʔuˈ'''b'''a]
|-
!t → d / V_V
|/huwu'''t'''uwi/ → [hu.wu.'''d'''uˈɣʷi]<sup>1</sup>
|-
!k → g / V_V
|/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ⁿtaˈ'''g'''u]
|-
|}
 
Notes:
*A minority of speakers only voice /p t k/ in unstressed syllables, primarily in the more southern islands.
 
===== <small>Dissimilation</small> =====
 
Word initially, /p t k/ spirantize to [f s x] when the following syllable shares the same onset. Under the same conditions intervocalically, /p t k/ instead affricate to [p͡f t͡s k͡x]:
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
|-
|-
|/t/ → [d]
!Word Initial
|/ʃuwu'''t'''uwi/ → [ʃuˈgʷu.'''d'''u.wi]
!Example
!Intervocalic
!Example
|-
|-
|/k/ → [g]
!p → f / _Vp
|/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ˈⁿta.'''g'''u]
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
!p → p͡f / V_Vp
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba]
|-
|-
|/s/ → [z]
!t → s / _Vt
|/ka'''s'''u/ → [ˈka.'''z'''u]
|/'''t'''utiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈða]
!t → t͡s / V_Vt
|/ᵐpi'''t'''utiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈða]
|-
|-
|/ʃ/ → [ʒ]
!k → x / _Vk
|/waʔu'''ʃ'''uwi/ → [wɐˈʔu.'''ʒ'''u.wi]
|/'''k'''uka/ → ['''x'''uˈga]
!k → k͡x / V_Vk
|/ᵐpi'''k'''uka/ → [ᵐpi.'''k͡x'''uˈga]
|-
|-
|}
|}
If not directly adjacent to a stressed syllable, stops spirantize and the original fricatives debuccalize:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
Notes:
*It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized word initially.
*For the speakers from the island of ''Batawutarjikuri'' affricates continue to occur both word intially and intervocalically.
 
==== Approximants ====
===== <small>Fortition</small> =====
/ɹ j w/ fortify to [ð̠ ʝ ɣʷ] when occurring in a stressed syllable:
 
{|class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
! Shifts
! colspan=2 | Examples
|-
|-
!Shift
! rowspan=2 | ɹ → ð̠
!Example
|/pa'''ɹ'''a/ → [paˈ'''ð̠'''a]
|-
|-
|[p] → [f]
|/ki'''ɹ'''i/ → [kiˈ'''ð̠'''i]
| /ⁿtiŋu'''p'''ali/ → [ˈⁿtɛ.ŋu.'''f'''a.li]
|-
|-
|[t] → [θ]
! rowspan=2 | j → ʝ
|/a'''t'''uwi/ → [a.'''θ'''uˈwi]
|/iɹata'''j'''u/ → [i.ɹa.daˈ'''ʝ'''u]
|-
|-
|[k] → [x]
|/ni'''j'''a/ → [niˈ'''ʝ'''a]
|/tinawubaʔuku'''g'''awi/ → [dɛ.na.wu.bɐˈʔu.gu.'''ɣ'''a.wi]
|-
|-
|[s] → [h]
! rowspan=2 | w → ɣʷ
|/ᵐpatawuta'''s'''a/ → [ˈᵐpa.da.wu.θa.'''h'''a]
|/i'''w'''i/ → [iˈ'''ɣʷ'''i]
|-
|-
|[ʃ] → [h]
|/ku'''w'''a/ → [kuˈ'''ɣʷ'''a]
|/'''ʃ'''anuʔa/ → ['''h'''a.nʉˈʔa]
|-
|-
|}
|}


==== Centralization ====
Notes:
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised to [ɐ]:
*The most common realization of /ɹ/ is [ð̠], a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, but some speakers may realize it as the sibilant counterpart [z] or even postalveolar [ʒ].
*Speakers who realize /ɹ/ as [ʒ] typically merge [ʒ] and [ʝ] to [ʒ].
*Technically, /w/ would be better transcribed as [ɣʷ~ɣ] due to notable free variation, however [ɣʷ] is more commonly encountered and thus the more common transcription.


*'''śanuâ''' /ʃanuʔa/ = [ʃa.nʉˈʔa]
==== Vowels ====
*'''saâmmu''' /saʔamːu/ = [sɐˈʔaˌmːu]
*'''piâ''' /piʔa/ = [pɨˈʔa]


==== Lowering of Close Vowels ====
===== <small>Centralization</small> =====
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:


*'''sidu''' /siⁿtu/ = [ˈsɛ.ⁿtu]
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
*'''úńa''' /ʔuŋa/ = [ˈʔɔ. ŋa]
|-
!Shift
!Example
|-
!a → ɐ /_ʔ
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ → [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]<sup>2</sup>
|-
!u → ʉ /_ʔ
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]<sup>2</sup>
|-
!i → ɨ /_ʔ
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ → [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa]
|-
|}


==== Labio-Velar Fortition ====
Notes:
/w/ fortifies to [g<sup>w</sup>] in stressed onset positions preceding /u/ and to [v] intervocalically when the preceding syllable is unstressed:
*Southern speakers do not raise /a/, but rather retract it to [ɑ]
*For many speakers, [ɨ] and [ʉ] may be in free variation with [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.


*'''wupani''' /wupani/ = [ˈgʷu.pa.ni]
===== <small>Lowering</small> =====
**'''wapani''' /wapani/ = [ˈwa.pa.ni], not *[ˈgʷa.pa.ni]
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:
*'''ńisatawu''' /ŋisatawu/ = [ˈŋi.sa.da.vu]
**'''hawi''' /ʔawi/ = [ˈʔa.wi], not *[ˈʔa.vi]


==== Open Vowel Reduction ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
/a/ is reduced to /ə/ in word final syllables if the preceding syllable is unstressed:
|-
 
!Shift
*'''uguśala''' /uᵑkuʃala/ = [ɔ.ˈᵑku.ʃa.lə]
!colspan=2 | Examples
**'''gila''' /ᵑkila/ = [ˈᵑki.la], not *[ᵑkilə]
|-
!i → ɛ /_N
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu] || /tat'''i'''nu/ → [sa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu]
|-
!u → ɔ /_N
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa] || /k'''u'''maki/ → [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi]
|-
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
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==== Syllable Structure ====
==== Syllable Structure ====
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant, while word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open. This is true even for geminate consonants, thus they are analyzed as single consonants as opposed to a sequence of [VC.CV].
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant except for /ɹ/ and /j/.
 
Word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets, with the exception of /h/, which may only appear word initially. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open.
 
==== Epenthesis ====
==== Epenthesis ====
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
*/satawu/ + /ulunasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷɔ ŋu.lɔˈna.sa]
*/hatawu/ + /utunasa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷɔ ŋu.dɔ.naˈða]
**/satawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷu ˈŋa.ᵐpi.na.zə]
**/hatawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinaɹa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷu ŋa.ᵐpi.naˈða]


==== Loanwords ====
==== Loanwords ====
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Note the insertion of /u/ to break apart clusters and avoid final consonants in the following example.
Note the simplification of clusters to the second consonant in the example below:


*Helicopter: /ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptɚ/ > '''alikuputalu'' /ʔalikuputalu/, [ˈʔa.li.gu.bu.da.lu]
*Helicopter: /ˈheliˌkɔptə(ɹ)/ →  /hiɹikuta/


==== Stress ====
==== Stress ====
Pangali determines lexical stress via two categories, '''Onset Placement''' and '''Onset Articulation'''. The table below shows the subcategories for each in descending fashion, with the categories becoming "weaker" in attracting stress as one moves to the right.
Lexical stress in Pangali falls on the final syllable of the root, and this remains true even if derivational suffixes apply.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Onset Placement !! Onset Articulation
|-
| Glottal > Velar > Postalveolar > Alveolar > Bilabial || Geminated > Coarticulated > Plain
|}
 
For example. the stress of */kVtVpV/ would invariably be [ˈkV.tV.bV] because velar consonants attract stress more strongly than either alveolars or bilabials. The same would also be true if the syllable order were reversed, thus */pVtVkV/ would be realized as [bV.dVˈkV]. However, if the prefix */ʔV/ is added, then the word would be stressed as  *[ˈʔV.pV.dV.gV] since /ʔ/ attracts stress more than any other consonant in the word.
 
When Onset Articulation is factored in, then prenasalized consonants are stronger than any plain consonants, however geminated consonants are only greater than their plain counterparts and gain secondary stress when stronger plain placements are present within a word.
 
Thus /ᵐp/ will always attract stress over /ʔ/, /k/, or /w/ despite its placement of bilabial being "weaker" than the velar placement; a word such as /ŋutasːa/ is stressed as [ˈŋu.taˌsːa], not *[ŋu.daˈsːa].
 
Stress is placed on the initial syllable whenever all onsets in a word are identical; when two identical strong consonants are present in any word 3 syllables or longer then the most left-leaning strong syllable is stressed. In cases where an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted, the modified word does not change its original stress pattern.


= Numbers =
= Numbers =
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Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb):
Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb):


'''Dimumi wabuśi kasuwiśikawi'''
[ⁿtɛ.mɔˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|ka.ɹu.wi.ɹi.ɡaˈvi]


animal-ACC father.ERG CAUS-eat
animal-ACC | father.ERG | CAUS-eat


''The father is feeding the animal''
''The father is feeding the animal''


'''Ńakukumami wabuśi iśikawi su unańalu namulinawi'''
[ŋa.k͡xu.ɡɔ.maˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|i.ɹi.ɡaˈvi|hu|u.na.ŋaˈɡʷu|na.mu.wɛ.naˈvi]


1P.GEN-apple-ACC father.ERG CAUS-eat REL INTRANS-I fear
1P.GEN-apple-ACC | father.ERG CAUS-eat | REL | INTRANS-I | fear


''I fear that my father is eating my apple.''
''I fear that my father is eating my apple.''
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