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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Pangali
|name = Pangali
|nativename = Ńipańalusuâ,<br />Pańali
|nativename = Ńipańariâ,<br />Pańari
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.lu.zʉˈʔa],<br /> [pa.ŋaˈli]
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.ɹɨˈʔa],<br /> [pa.ŋaˈði]
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|created = August 8th, 2019
|created = August 8th, 2019
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In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 21 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops.
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops.


The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
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! Labial
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Nasal
! colspan=2|Nasal
| m {{angbr|m}}
|m {{angbr|m}}
| n {{angbr|n}}
|n {{angbr|n}}
| ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
|
|ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! Plain
! Plain
| p {{angbr|p}}
|p {{angbr|p}}
| t {{angbr|t}}
|t {{angbr|t}}
| k {{angbr|k}}
|
| ʔ {{angbr|ˆ}}
|k {{angbr|k}}
|ʔ {{angbr|ˆ}}
|-
|-
! Prenasalized
! Prenasalized
| ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
|ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
| ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
|ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
| ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
|
|
|-
|ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
! colspan=2|Fricative
|  
|
|
|
| h {{angbr |h}}
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Approximant
! colspan=2|Approximant
|  
|  
|/ɹ/ {{angbr|r}}
|ɹ {{angbr|r}}
|/w/ {{angbr|w}}
|j {{angbr|j}}
|
|w {{angbr|w}}
|h {{angbr|h,hj}}
|-
|-


Notes:
*The alveolar plosives /t/ and /ⁿt/ are laminal.


{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
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|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| /i/ {{angbr |i}}
|i {{angbr|i}}
| /u/ {{angbr |u}}
|u {{angbr|u}}
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|/a/ {{angbr |a}}
|a {{angbr|a}}
|
|
|-
|-
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=== Romanization ===
=== Romanization ===
The Pangalu have no writing system and due to cultural reasons have declined offers to be taught the Romanization provided by academics. Despite this, field linguists who have begun the process of recording the language have developed a relatively intuitive Romanization system for use in records of the language.
The Pangalu currently have no official writing system but offers to be taught the romanization used in the recorded lexicon produced by academics have been met with enthusiasim.


=== Allophonic Variation ===
=== Allophonic Variation ===
==== Obstruents ====
==== Plosives ====
Obstruents are the most unstable aspect of Pangali's phonological inventory, with a total of nine different allophonic realizations based on stress alone.
Comprising 12 different allophonic variations, Pangali's plosives are the most unstable aspect of the language's phonological inventory.
===== <small>Sonorization</small> =====
===== <small>Sonorization</small> =====
Standard Pangali: Plain voiceless obstruents become voiced in intervocalic positions.
Standard Pangali: Plain voiceless plosives become voiced in intervocalic positions.


{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
|-
|-
!Shift
!Shift
!Standard Pangali
!Example
|-
|-
|/p/ → [b]
!p → b / V_V
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ʔuˈ'''b'''a]
|/ʔu'''p'''a/ → [ʔuˈ'''b'''a]
|-
|-
|/t/ → [d]
!t → d / V_V
|/ʃuwu'''t'''uwi/ → [hu.wu.'''d'''uˈvi]
|/huwu'''t'''uwi/ → [hu.wu.'''d'''uˈɣʷi]<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
|/k/ → [g]
!k → g / V_V
|/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ⁿtaˈ'''g'''u]
|/ⁿta'''k'''u/ → [ⁿtaˈ'''g'''u]
|-
|/s/ → [z]
|/ka'''s'''u/ → [xaˈ'''z'''u]
|-
|/ʃ/ → [ʒ]
|/wa'''ʃ'''uʔuwi/ → [wa.'''ʒ'''u.za.ʔuˈvi]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Notes:
*A minority of speakers only voice /p t k/ in unstressed syllables, primarily in the more southern islands.


===== <small>Dissimilation</small> =====
===== <small>Dissimilation</small> =====
[WIP]


/t/ shifts to /t͡ʃ/ word initially when the following syllable repeats the onset, but under the same conditions /p/ and /k/ become /f/ and /x/, respectively:
Word initially, /p t k/ spirantize to [f s x] when the following syllable shares the same onset. Under the same conditions intervocalically, /p t k/ instead affricate to [p͡f t͡s k͡x]:
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
|-
|-
!Shift
!Word Initial
!Example
!Intervocalic
!Example
!Example
|-
|-
|/p/ → [f]
!p → f / _Vp
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
!p → p͡f / V_Vp
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba]
|-
|-
|/t/ → [t͡ʃ]
!t → s / _Vt
|/'''t'''u.diɹa/ → ['''t͡ʃ'''u.diˈɹa]
|/'''t'''utiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈða]
!t → t͡s / V_Vt
|/ᵐpi'''t'''utiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈða]
|-
|-
| /k/ → [x]
!k → x / _Vk
|/'''k'''akuni/ → ['''x'''ɐ.gɔˈni]
|/'''k'''uka/ → ['''x'''uˈga]
!k → k͡x / V_Vk
|/ᵐpi'''k'''uka/ → [ᵐpi.'''k͡x'''uˈga]
|-
|-
|}
|}


It's theorized that all three plosives originally became affricates, but [t͡ʃ] is the only one to have resisted further spirantization.
Notes:
*It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized word initially.
*For the speakers from the island of ''Batawutarjikuri'' affricates continue to occur both word intially and intervocalically.


==== Centralization ====
==== Approximants ====
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised to [ɐ]:
===== <small>Fortition</small> =====
/ɹ j w/ fortify to [ð̠ ʝ ɣʷ] when occurring in a stressed syllable:
 
{|class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
! Shifts
! colspan=2 | Examples
|-
! rowspan=2 | ɹ → ð̠
|/pa'''ɹ'''a/ → [paˈ'''ð̠'''a]
|-
|/ki'''ɹ'''i/ → [kiˈ'''ð̠'''i]
|-
! rowspan=2 | j → ʝ
|/iɹata'''j'''u/ → [i.ɹa.daˈ'''ʝ'''u]
|-
|/ni'''j'''a/ → [niˈ'''ʝ'''a]
|-
! rowspan=2 | w → ɣʷ
|/i'''w'''i/ → [iˈ'''ɣʷ'''i]
|-
|/ku'''w'''a/ → [kuˈ'''ɣʷ'''a]
|-
|}


*'''śanuâ''' /ʃanuʔa/ = [ʃa.nʉˈʔa]
Notes:
*'''saâmmu''' /saʔamːu/ = [sɐˈʔaˌmːu]
*The most common realization of /ɹ/ is [ð̠], a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, but some speakers may realize it as the sibilant counterpart [z] or even postalveolar [ʒ].
*'''piâ''' /piʔa/ = [pɨˈʔa]
*Speakers who realize /ɹ/ as [ʒ] typically merge [ʒ] and [ʝ] to [ʒ].
*Technically, /w/ would be better transcribed as [ɣʷ~ɣ] due to notable free variation, however [ɣʷ] is more commonly encountered and thus the more common transcription.


==== Lowering of Close Vowels ====
==== Vowels ====
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:


*'''sidu''' /siⁿtu/ = [ˈsɛ.ⁿtu]
===== <small>Centralization</small> =====
*'''úńa''' /ʔuŋa/ = [ˈʔɔ. ŋa]
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:


==== Labio-Velar Fortition ====
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
/w/ fortifies to [g<sup>w</sup>] in stressed onset positions preceding /u/ and to [v] everywhere else:
|-
!Shift
!Example
|-
!a → ɐ /_ʔ
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ → [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]<sup>2</sup>
|-
!u → ʉ /_ʔ
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]<sup>2</sup>
|-
!i → ɨ /_ʔ
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ → [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa]
|-
|}


*'''wupani''' /wupani/ = [ˈgʷu.pa.ni]
Notes:
**'''wapani''' /wapani/ = [ˈva.pa.ni]
*Southern speakers do not raise /a/, but rather retract it to [ɑ]
*'''isatawu''' /isatawu/ = [i.za.taˈɡʷu]
*For many speakers, [ɨ] and [ʉ] may be in free variation with [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.
**'''lawi''' /lawi/ = [laˈvi]


==== Open Vowel Reduction ====
===== <small>Lowering</small> =====
/a/ is reduced to /ə/ in word final syllables if the preceding syllable is unstressed:
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:


*'''uguśala''' /uᵑkuʃala/ = [ɔ.ˈᵑku.ʃa.lə]
{| class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
**'''gila''' /ᵑkila/ = [ˈᵑki.la], not *[ᵑkilə]
|-
!Shift
!colspan=2 | Examples
|-
!i → ɛ /_N
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu] || /tat'''i'''nu/ → [sa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu]
|-
!u → ɔ /_N
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa] || /k'''u'''maki/ → [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi]
|-
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
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==== Syllable Structure ====
==== Syllable Structure ====
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant, while word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open. This is true even for geminate consonants, thus they are analyzed as single consonants as opposed to a sequence of [VC.CV].
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant except for /ɹ/ and /j/.
 
Word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets, with the exception of /h/, which may only appear word initially. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open.
 
==== Epenthesis ====
==== Epenthesis ====
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
*/satawu/ + /ulunasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷɔ ŋu.lɔˈna.sa]
*/hatawu/ + /utunasa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷɔ ŋu.dɔ.naˈða]
**/satawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷu ˈŋa.ᵐpi.na.zə]
**/hatawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinaɹa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷu ŋa.ᵐpi.naˈða]


==== Loanwords ====
==== Loanwords ====
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Note the insertion of /u/ to break apart clusters and avoid final consonants in the following example.
Note the simplification of clusters to the second consonant in the example below:


*Helicopter: /ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptɚ/ > '''alikuputalu'' /ʔalikuputalu/, [ˈʔa.li.gu.bu.da.lu]
*Helicopter: /ˈheliˌkɔptə(ɹ)/ →  /hiɹikuta/


==== Stress ====
==== Stress ====
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Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb):
Pangali, in line with its use of case marking, allows its speakers to vary their choice of word order. That being said, the default and most neutral order is OSV (Object-Subject-Verb):


'''Dimumi wabuśi kasuwiśikawi'''
[ⁿtɛ.mɔˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|ka.ɹu.wi.ɹi.ɡaˈvi]


animal-ACC father.ERG CAUS-eat
animal-ACC | father.ERG | CAUS-eat


''The father is feeding the animal''
''The father is feeding the animal''


'''Ńakukumami wabuśi iśikawi su unańalu namulinawi'''
[ŋa.k͡xu.ɡɔ.maˈmi|wa.ᵐpuˈɟi|i.ɹi.ɡaˈvi|hu|u.na.ŋaˈɡʷu|na.mu.wɛ.naˈvi]


1P.GEN-apple-ACC father.ERG CAUS-eat REL INTRANS-I fear
1P.GEN-apple-ACC | father.ERG CAUS-eat | REL | INTRANS-I | fear


''I fear that my father is eating my apple.''
''I fear that my father is eating my apple.''
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