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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Pangali
|name = Pangali
|nativename = Ńipańalusuâ,<br />Pańali
|nativename = Ńipańariâ,<br />Pańari
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.lu.zʉˈʔa],<br /> [pa.ŋaˈli]
|pronunciation = [ŋi.ba.ŋa.ɹɨˈʔa],<br /> [pa.ŋaˈði]
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|creator = [[User:Kóði|Sámuel Hiette Kannosíni]]<br />
|created = August 8th, 2019
|created = August 8th, 2019
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In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
In spite of its status as a language isolate, the phonological system of Pangali isn't terribly special in comparison to its neighbors in the Philippines or Australia. A simple syllable structure, few (phonemic) vowels, a fair amount of consonants, and stable vowel quality make this language both interesting and soundly (''ha, pun!'') mundane all at the same time.
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
=== Phoneme Inventory ===
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 21 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops.
Pangali's consonant inventory weighs in at a respectable 14 phonemic consonants. A unique feature that may be noted is the presence of phonemic prenasalized stops.


The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
The vowels, on the other hand, number only three in terms of phonemic units. As with many languages with small vowel inventories, what vowels that Pangali does have are subject to significant allophonic variation.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
|+Pangali Consonant Inventory
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! Labial
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
! Glottal
! Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Nasal
! colspan=2|Nasal
| m {{angbr|m}}
|m {{angbr|m}}
| n {{angbr|n}}
|n {{angbr|n}}
| ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
|
|ŋ {{angbr|ń}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! rowspan=2 | Plosive
! Plain
! Plain
| p {{angbr|p}}
|p {{angbr|p}}
| t {{angbr|t}}
|t {{angbr|t}}
| k {{angbr|k}}
|
| ʔ {{angbr|ˆ}}
|k {{angbr|k}}
|ʔ {{angbr|ˆ}}
|-
|-
! Prenasalized
! Prenasalized
| ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
|ᵐp {{angbr|b}}
| ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
|ⁿt {{angbr|d}}
| ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
|
|
|-
|ᵑk {{angbr|g}}
! colspan=2|Fricative
|  
|
|
|
| h {{angbr |hr,hj}}
|-
|-
! colspan=2|Approximant
! colspan=2|Approximant
|  
|  
|/ɹ/ {{angbr|r}}
|ɹ {{angbr|r}}
|/w/ {{angbr|w}}
|j {{angbr|j}}
|
|w {{angbr|w}}
|h {{angbr|h,hj}}
|-
|-


Notes:
*The alveolar plosives /t/ and /ⁿt/ are laminal.


{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center"
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|-
|-
! Close
! Close
| /i/ {{angbr |i}}
|i {{angbr|i}}
| /u/ {{angbr |u}}
|u {{angbr|u}}
|-
|-
! Open
! Open
|/a/ {{angbr |a}}
|a {{angbr|a}}
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Notes:
*A minority of speakers only voice /p t k/ in unstressed syllables, primarily in the more southern islands.


===== <small>Dissimilation</small> =====
===== <small>Dissimilation</small> =====
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!Example
!Example
|-
|-
!p → f / _Vp
!p → f / _Vp
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
|/'''p'''apa/ → ['''f'''aˈba]
!p → p͡f / V_Vp
!p → p͡f / V_Vp
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba]
|/ᵐpi'''p'''apa/ → [ᵐpi.'''p͡f'''aˈba]
|-
|-
!t → s / _Vt
!t → s / _Vt
|/'''t'''utiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈða]
|/'''t'''utiɹa/ → ['''s'''u.diˈða]
!t → t͡s / V_Vt
!t → t͡s / V_Vt
|/ᵐpi'''t'''utiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈða]
|/ᵐpi'''t'''utiɹa/ → [ᵐpi.'''t͡s'''u.diˈða]
|-
|-
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|}
|}


It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized word initially.
Notes:
*It is theorized that /p t k/ originally affricated in all positions but later spirantized word initially.
*For the speakers from the island of ''Batawutarjikuri'' affricates continue to occur both word intially and intervocalically.


==== Approximants ====
==== Approximants ====
==== <small>Fortition</small> ====
===== <small>Fortition</small> =====
/ɹ j w/ fortify to [ð ʝ ɣʷ] when occurring in a stressed syllable:
/ɹ j w/ fortify to [ð̠ ʝ ɣʷ] when occurring in a stressed syllable:


{|class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="float:center; border: none; text-align:center"
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! colspan=2 | Examples
! colspan=2 | Examples
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | ɹ → ð
! rowspan=2 | ɹ → ð̠
|/pa'''ɹ'''a/ → [paˈ'''ð'''a]
|/pa'''ɹ'''a/ → [paˈ'''ð̠'''a]
|-
|-
|/ki'''ɹ''i/ → [kiˈ'''ð'''i]
|/ki'''ɹ'''i/ → [kiˈ'''ð̠'''i]
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | j → ʝ
! rowspan=2 | j → ʝ
|/iɹata'''j'''u/ → [i.ɹa.daˈ'''ʝ'''u]
|/iɹata'''j'''u/ → [i.ɹa.daˈ'''ʝ'''u]
|-
|-
|/ni'''wj''a/ → [niˈ'''ʝ'''a]
|/ni'''j'''a/ → [niˈ'''ʝ'''a]
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | w → ɣʷ
! rowspan=2 | w → ɣʷ
|/i'''w'''i/ → [iˈ'''ɣʷ'''i]
|/i'''w'''i/ → [iˈ'''ɣʷ'''i]
|-
|-
|/ku'''w''a/ → [kuˈ'''ɣʷ'''a]
|/ku'''w'''a/ → [kuˈ'''ɣʷ'''a]
|-
|-
|}
|}


Notes:
Notes:
The most common realization of /ɹ/ in stressed syllables is actually [ð̠], a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, but for convenience is typically transcribed as simply [ð].
*The most common realization of /ɹ/ is [ð̠], a voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative, but some speakers may realize it as the sibilant counterpart [z] or even postalveolar [ʒ].
*Speakers who realize /ɹ/ as [ʒ] typically merge [ʒ] and [ʝ] to [ʒ].
*Technically, /w/ would be better transcribed as [ɣʷ~ɣ] due to notable free variation, however [ɣʷ] is more commonly encountered and thus the more common transcription.
 
==== Vowels ====
==== Vowels ====


==== <small>Centralization</small> ====
===== <small>Centralization</small> =====
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:
Vowels preceding /ʔ/ are centralized. /a/ is both centralized and raised:


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!Example
!Example
|-
|-
!/a/ → [ɐ]
!a → ɐ /_ʔ
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ → [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]<sup>2</sup>
|/h'''a'''ʔamu/ → [h'''ɐ'''.ʔaˈmu]<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
!/u/ → [ʉ]
!u → ʉ /_ʔ
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]<sup>2</sup>
|/han'''u'''ʔa/ → [ha.n'''ʉ'''ˈʔa]<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
!/i/ → [ɨ]
!i → ɨ /_ʔ
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ → [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa]
|/p'''i'''ʔa/ → [p'''ɨ'''ˈʔa]
|-
|-
|}
|}


==== <small>Lowering</small> ====
Notes:
*Southern speakers do not raise /a/, but rather retract it to [ɑ]
*For many speakers, [ɨ] and [ʉ] may be in free variation with [ɪ] and [ʊ], respectively.
 
===== <small>Lowering</small> =====
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:
/i/ and /u/ are lowered to [ɛ] and [ɔ], respectively, when preceding nasals and prenasalized consonants:


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!colspan=2 | Examples
!colspan=2 | Examples
|-
|-
!/i/ → [ɛ]
!i → ɛ /_N
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu] || /tat'''i'''nu/ → [sa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu]
|/h'''i'''ⁿtu/ → [h'''ɛ'''ˈⁿtu] || /tat'''i'''nu/ → [sa.d'''ɛ'''ˈnu]
|-
|-
!/u/ → [ɔ]
!u → ɔ /_N
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa] || /k'''u'''maki/ → [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi]
|/ʔ'''u'''ŋa/ → [ʔ'''ɔ'''ˈŋa] || /k'''u'''maki/ → [k'''ɔ'''.maˈgi]
|-
|-
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==== Syllable Structure ====
==== Syllable Structure ====
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant, while word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open. This is true even for geminate consonants, thus they are analyzed as single consonants as opposed to a sequence of [VC.CV].
Pangali has a (C)V structure, where a syllable can only contain one vowel, which may or may not be preceded by a consonant. Word initial syllables may occur with either a null onset or with any single consonant except for /ɹ/ and /j/.
 
Word internal syllables may only occur with single consonant onsets, with the exception of /h/, which may only appear word initially. Codas are forbidden in any context, with all syllables being open.
 
==== Epenthesis ====
==== Epenthesis ====
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
In instances where a word ending in a null coda (i.e. all words) is followed by a word beginning with a null onset, an epenthetic /ŋ/ is inserted to replace the null onset. This process is treated as if there is no word boundary, and thus the presence of the epenthetic nasal lowers the preceding vowel if it is high, while in other instances word boundaries would prevent this.
*/satawu/ + /ulunasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷɔ ŋu.lɔˈna.sa]
*/hatawu/ + /utunasa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷɔ ŋu.dɔ.naˈða]
**/satawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinasa/ = [sa.daˈgʷu ˈŋa.ᵐpi.na.zə]
**/hatawu/ + /ŋaᵐpinaɹa/ = [sa.daˈɣʷu ŋa.ᵐpi.naˈða]


==== Loanwords ====
==== Loanwords ====
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Due to the nature of this syllable structure non-conforming loanwords are often heavily altered; although it should be noted that calques are extremely more common in favor of familiarity when possible.
Note the insertion of /u/ to break apart clusters and avoid final consonants in the following example.
Note the simplification of clusters to the second consonant in the example below:


*Helicopter: /ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptɚ/ > '''alikuputalu'' /ʔalikuputalu/, [ˈʔa.li.gu.bu.da.lu]
*Helicopter: /ˈheliˌkɔptə(ɹ)/ →  /hiɹikuta/


==== Stress ====
==== Stress ====
Kóði
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