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| == 1-25 == | | == 1-25 == |
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| :; The sun shines.
| | # The sun shines. |
| :: sun(FOC) shines
| | # The sun is shining. |
| :: shines sun
| | # The sun shone. |
| Both sentences are valid depending on the pragmatic intentions of the speaker. If the speaker is changing subjects, introducing new or unexpected information, or if they simply wish to draw attention to the subject, then it would be fronted before the verb. A more neutral construction is likely to place all actors after the verb. Also note that "sun" is not marked for definiteness.
| | # The sun will shine. |
| :; The sun is shining.
| | # The sun has been shining. |
| :: shine stands sun
| | # The sun is shining again. |
| Proto-Alamic uses auxiliary verbs to mark certain aspects and tenses, in this case the verb for "to stand" can take on an auxiliary role to mark the progressive aspect.
| | # The sun will shine tomorrow. |
| :; The sun shone.
| | # The sun shines brightly. |
| :: shine-PST sun
| | # The sun is rising now. |
| Certain tenses like the past tense can just be marked by a suffix.
| | # The bright sun shines. |
| :; The sun will shine.
| | # All the people shouted. |
| :: shine needs sun
| | # Some of the people shouted. |
| Other tenses, like the future tense, have no dedicated suffix and must rely on the use of an auxiliary verb, in this case the verb for "to need".
| | # Many of the people shouted twice. |
| :; The sun has been shining.
| | # Happy people often shout. |
| :: shine stands sun
| | # The kitten jumped up. |
| :: *shine stands stands.PST sun
| | # The kitten jumped onto the table. |
| Proto-Almaic has no dedicated construction to express the present perfect progressive. A dialectal, non-standard alternative is presented in the second sentence.
| | # My little kitten walked away. |
| :; The sun is shining again.
| | # It's working. |
| :: shine again stands sun
| | # It's raining. |
| :; The sun will shine tomorrow.
| | # The rain came down. |
| :: shine tomorrow needs sun
| | # The kitten is playing in the rain. |
| :; The sun shines brightly.
| | # The rain has stopped. |
| :: shine brightly sun
| | # Soon the rain will stop. |
| :; The sun is rising now.
| | # I hope the rain stops soon. |
| :: rise now stands sun
| | # Once wild animals lived here. |
| Adverbs normally go immediately after the main verb, before auxiliares, if any are present.
| | # Slowly she looked around. |
| :; The bright sun shines.
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| :: shine sun bright
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| Adjectives, like adverbs, go directly after the head that they modify
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| :; All the people shouted.
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| :: shout-PST all people
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| :; Some of the people shouted.
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| :: shout-PST some people
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| :; Many of the people shouted twice.
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| :: shout-PST twice some people
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| Determiners and numerals are normally found before the noun they modify
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| :; Happy people often shout.
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| :: shout often people happy
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| :: tend_to_do people happy shout
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| Unlike English, there is only one possible location for adverbs of frequency, as such the nuance of the chosen word order is lost. The second sentence is an altenative, more faithful but direct translation, it uses a serial verb construction to preserve the subject.
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| :; The kitten jumped up.
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| :: to jump-PST kitten above
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| :; The kitten jumped onto the table.
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| :: to jump-PST kitten on table
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| Preverbal adpositions are a common valency increasing strategy, normally used to promote the oblique object of an intransitive verb.
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| :; My little kitten walked away.
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| :: from go kitten little mine from
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| A particular construction result of such strategies is the repetition of the adposition as the object of the sentence, to indicate reflexivity. In this case, the sentence can be understood as "my little kitten wlaked away (from itself/where it was)"
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| :; It's working.
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| :: work stands
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| :; It's raining.
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| :: *rain stands
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| :: from rain stands from
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| Proto-Almaic allows the use of avalent verbs. However, weather expressions in particular tend to be rendered through preverbal adpositions and self-reference.
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| :; The rain came down.
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| :: from come rain above
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| An non-idiomatic translation using principles previously explained.
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| :; The kitten is playing in the rain.
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| :: play stands kitten under rain
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| Since the verb for play is a transitive verb taking a subject and a game, it cannot make use of preverbal adpositions to take a location, instead, a prepositional phrase must be used.
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| :; The rain has stopped.
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| :: stop-PST rain
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| As previously stated, Proto-Almaic has no dedicated constructions for perfect aspects. In their place, the simple past is used.
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| :; Soon the rain will stop.
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| :: stop soon needs rain.
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| No new insights gained from this expression
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| :; I hope the rain stops soon.
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| :: hope I stops soon rain
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| Verbs can easily be chained to form complex expressions.
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| :; Once wild animals lived here.
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| :: live-PST once here animals wild
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| :; Slowly she looked around.
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| :: *look slowly around she
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| :: to look she surroundings hers
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| Consecutive adverbs follow an order of time - manner - place. In the second example, the sentence is translated that way to illustrate the proper order, the proper translation for the sentence is shown afterwards.
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| == 26-50 == | | == 26-50 == |
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| :; Go away!
| | # Go away! |
| :: go you
| | # Let's go! |
| :; Let's go!
| | # You should go. |
| :: go we
| | # I will be happy to go. |
| :; You should go.
| | # He will arrive soon. |
| :; I will be happy to go.
| | # The baby's ball has rolled away. |
| :: COP needs I happy go
| | # The two boys are working together. |
| :; He will arrive soon.
| | # This mist will probably clear away. |
| :; The baby's ball has rolled away.
| | # Lovely flowers are growing everywhere. |
| :; The two boys are working together.
| | # We should eat more slowly. |
| :; This mist will probably clear away.
| | # You have come too soon. |
| :; Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| | # You must write more neatly. |
| :; We should eat more slowly.
| | # Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace. |
| :; You have come too soon.
| | # Henry's dog is lost. |
| :; You must write more neatly.
| | # My cat is black. |
| :; Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
| | # The little girl's doll is broken. |
| :; Henry's dog is lost.
| | # I usually sleep soundly. |
| :; My cat is black.
| | # The children ran after Jack. |
| :; The little girl's doll is broken.
| | # I can play after school. |
| :; I usually sleep soundly.
| | # We went to the village for a visit. |
| :; The children ran after Jack.
| | # We arrived at the river. |
| :; I can play after school.
| | # I have been waiting for you. |
| :; We went to the village for a visit.
| | # The campers sat around the fire. |
| :; We arrived at the river.
| | # A little girl with a kitten sat near me. |
| :; I have been waiting for you.
| | # The child waited at the door for her father. |
| :; The campers sat around the fire.
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| :; A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
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| :; The child waited at the door for her father.
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| == 51-100 == | | == 51-100 == |