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Proto-Ash-Ish: Difference between revisions
→Grammar and features
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PAI would have had some nominal morphology in the form of case endings inherited by the daughter branches only to be mostly lost or repurposed in various ways. | PAI would have had some nominal morphology in the form of case endings inherited by the daughter branches only to be mostly lost or repurposed in various ways. | ||
===Deixis=== | |||
The proximal and distal determiners are an example of common inheritance from PAI shared between the daughter branches. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! PAI | |||
! Proto-Ash | |||
! Ish | |||
|- | |||
| {{ash|*ewe}} "this" | |||
| → {{ash|*i(j), *(i)ja-}} → {{ash|*i, *ja-}} | |||
| → {{ash|(iy)i /(e)ɰe/}} | |||
|- | |||
| {{ash|*awa}} "that" | |||
| → {{ash|*u(w), *(u)wa-}} → {{ash|*u, *wa-}} | |||
| → {{ash|(ow)o /(a)ɰa/}} | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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While these still serve somewhat similar functions in both languages, they work quite differently on a syntactic level. | While these still serve somewhat similar functions in both languages, they work quite differently on a syntactic level. | ||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|*ntaw qeka te kaw-er}} | |phrase={{ash|*ntaw qeka te kaw-er}} | ||
|gloss=fire. | |gloss=fire.SUBJ AUX.ACT water.OBJ whirl-PTCP | ||
|translation=fire stirs water | |translation=fire stirs water | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|*kaw-er qeka te ntaw}} | |phrase={{ash|*kaw-er qeka te ntaw}} | ||
|gloss=whirl-PTCP AUX. | |gloss=whirl-PTCP AUX.ACT water.OBJ fire.SUBJ | ||
|translation=fire stirs water | |translation=fire stirs water | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The auxiliary {{ash|*qate}} was somewhat unusual. It appears to have been reflexive while able to take a benefactor as a direct object. Looking at its modern reflexes, it seems to have denoted a lack of volition. Some of its usages might be compared to the verbal "be-" prefix of Germanic languages. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|*taw-er qate ewe ntaw}} | |||
|gloss=stand-PTCP AUX.PASS PROX.OBJ fire.SUBJ | |||
|translation=fire was stood (before) me | |||
}} | |||
===Reduplication=== | |||
Reduplication seems to have formed frequentatives already in PAI as reflexes show up in Proto-Ash as well as modern Ish. In the latter it forms the continuous aspect whereas in Ash the reduplicated forms seem to simply have become separate words or to have replaced the non-reduplicated forms altogether, although this might not have happened until later when it may have been necessary to differentiate between words that were becoming homophonous due to sound changes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | PAI | |||
! colspan="2" | Ash | |||
! colspan="2" | Ish | |||
|- | |||
| {{ash|*kaw~kaw(-ar)}} | |||
| "whirl, swirl, whorl, cycle, wrap" | |||
| → *ku~kwa: → {{ash|goa}} | |||
| "be/move around, elapse" | |||
| → {{ash|qacow /kˣa.kaɰ/}} | |||
| "be passing (of time, weather)" | |||
|} | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||