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Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions
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==== Verbs ==== | ==== Verbs ==== | ||
Reduplication plays an important role in verb conjugation. Verbal reduplication generally carries aspectual information, however the precise meaning can differ based on characteristics of the verb itself. Roots are primarily categorised into three aspectual groups; ''stative'', '' | Reduplication plays an important role in verb conjugation. Verbal reduplication generally carries aspectual information, however the precise meaning can differ based on characteristics of the verb itself. Roots are primarily categorised into three aspectual groups; ''stative'', ''perfective'', and ''imperfective''. Verbs are secondarily categorised on what aspect their reduplicated stem takes. The combination of primary and secondary aspects is grouped as a verb's class. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| rowspan="2" | stative | | rowspan="2" | stative | ||
| | | perfective | ||
| ''I'' | | ''I'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-məhur'' ('I am asleep') → ''*t-məməhur'' ('I fall asleep') | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-məhur'' ('I am asleep') → ''*t-məməhur'' ('I fall asleep') | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | | imperfective | ||
| ''II'' | | ''II'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''*kel it-misu'' ('I see land') → ''*kel it-mimi'' ('I'm looking at land') | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*kel it-misu'' ('I see land') → ''*kel it-mimi'' ('I'm looking at land') | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | perfective | ||
| stative | | stative | ||
| ''III'' | | ''III'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''*arkʷ it-ren'' ('I take a boat') → ''*arkʷ it-reren'' ('I have a boat') | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*arkʷ it-ren'' ('I take a boat') → ''*arkʷ it-reren'' ('I have a boat') | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | | imperfective | ||
| ''IV'' | | ''IV'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''*kur-cin ti-bas'' ('the chief strikes me') → ''*kur-cin ti-babas'' ('the chief keeps striking me') | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*kur-cin ti-bas'' ('the chief strikes me') → ''*kur-cin ti-babas'' ('the chief keeps striking me') | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | imperfective | ||
| stative | | stative | ||
| ''V'' | | ''V'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| | | perfective | ||
| ''VI'' | | ''VI'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-daŋʷa'' ('I sing') → ''*daŋʷaī it-dadaŋʷa'' ('I sing a song') | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-daŋʷa'' ('I sing') → ''*daŋʷaī it-dadaŋʷa'' ('I sing a song') | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Stative verbs''' describe an ongoing state or characteristic of the subject, ''' | '''Stative verbs''' describe an ongoing state or characteristic of the subject, '''imperfective verbs''' describe actions that have no natural end, and '''perfective verbs''' describe action that does have a natural or logical endpoint. | ||
A series of ''classifiers'' are used to derive aspects outside a verb's class. These are attached before the subject marker, but after the object marker. For example, the classier ''*-l-'' can be added to the class II verb ''*misu'' ('to see'), whose reduplicated root carries an | A series of ''classifiers'' are used to derive aspects outside a verb's class. These are attached before the subject marker, but after the object marker. For example, the classier ''*-l-'' can be added to the class II verb ''*misu'' ('to see'), whose reduplicated root carries an imperfective aspect, to create ''*-l-misu'' ('to watch'); e.g. ''*wədərī ilt-misu'' ('I watch the dance'). There are two classifiers associated with each class; one which forms transitive verbs and one which forms intransitive verbs. However, there is a degree of synchronism. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| '''''*-i-''''' | | '''''*-i-''''' | ||
| rowspan="2" | class I | | rowspan="2" | class I | ||
| rowspan="2" | stative → | | rowspan="2" | stative → imperf. | ||
| ''intrans.'' | | ''intrans.'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-əsk'' ('I wake up') → ''*it-əsk'' ('I am waking up') | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| '''''*-cə-''''' | | '''''*-cə-''''' | ||
| ''trans.'' | | ''trans.'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-əsk'' ('I wake up') → ''*icət-əsk'' ('I am waking them up') | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| '''''*--''''' | | '''''*--''''' | ||
| rowspan="2" | class II | | rowspan="2" | class II | ||
| rowspan="2" | stative → | | rowspan="2" | stative → perf. | ||
| ''intrans.'' | | ''intrans.'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
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| '''''*--''''' | | '''''*--''''' | ||
| rowspan="2" | class III | | rowspan="2" | class III | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | perf. → imperf. | ||
| ''intrans.'' | | ''intrans.'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
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| '''''*-e-''''' | | '''''*-e-''''' | ||
| rowspan="2" | class IV | | rowspan="2" | class IV | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | perf. → stative | ||
| ''intrans.'' | | ''intrans.'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''*ti-bas'' ('they hit me') → ''*et-bas'' ('I am hit') | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*ti-bas'' ('they hit me') → ''*et-bas'' ('I am hit') | ||
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| '''''*-ŋu-''''' | | '''''*-ŋu-''''' | ||
| rowspan="2" | class V | | rowspan="2" | class V | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | imperf. → stative | ||
| ''intrans.'' | | ''intrans.'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-kʷə'' ('I talk') → ''*ŋu-kʷə'' ('it is said') | | style="text-align:left;" | ''*t-kʷə'' ('I talk') → ''*ŋu-kʷə'' ('it is said') | ||
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| '''''*--''''' | | '''''*--''''' | ||
| rowspan="2" | class VI | | rowspan="2" | class VI | ||
| rowspan="2" | | | rowspan="2" | imperf. → perf. | ||
| ''intrans.'' | | ''intrans.'' | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||