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| The third person and fourth person pronominal clitics are used to keep track of multiple third person arguments within discourse, any may also be referred to as the ''third person proximate'' and ''third person obviate'' respectively. The third person is assigned to the more salient argument, or the argument which has appeared before. | | The third person and fourth person pronominal clitics are used to keep track of multiple third person arguments within discourse, any may also be referred to as the ''third person proximate'' and ''third person obviate'' respectively. The third person is assigned to the more salient argument, or the argument which has appeared before. |
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| ==== Classifiers ====
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| Classifiers are optional prefixes that affect the [[w:Transitive verb|transitivity]] or [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] of a verb. There are a number of different classifiers for different categories of verbs. Some verbs have an inherent transitivity, which can be changed via classifiers, whilst others require a classifier for both their transitive and intransitive forms.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
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| |+caption | Verbal classifies
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| |-
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| ! IN
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| ! Use
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| ! Examples
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| ! TR
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| ! Use
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| ! Examples
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*ra-''
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| | Forms intransitive verbs from stems related to motion, or creates stative verbs of position.
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| | ''*rat-tes'' 'I come down'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*e-''
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| | Forms transitive verbs from stems related to motion, or creates transitive verbs from root unaccusative verbs of manipulation or change of state.
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| | ''*iet-tes'' 'I lower it'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*re-''
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| | Forms unaccusative verbs from stems related to manipulation.
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| | ''*re-ren'' 'it comes off', ''*re-dək'' 'it closes'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*c-''
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| | Forms transitive verbs from stems related to manipulation, or change of state.
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| | ''*ict-dək'' 'I close it'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*ri-''
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| | Forms intransitive verbs denoting a static state from stems related to state.
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| | ''*ri-taidə'' 'it suffices'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*ca-''
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| | Forms transitive verbs from stems denoting a state of change, especially a physical impact, or causative verbs from stems relating to speech or sound.
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| | ''*icat-sakidə'' 'I scorched it,' ''*icat-tasu'' 'I add it'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*e-''
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| | Forms unaccusative verbs from stems denoting a state of change, especially a physical impact.
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| | ''*e-kusidə'' 'it is cut', ''*e-sakidə'' 'it got scorched'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*cə-''
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| | Forms causative transitive verbs from stems denoting labour or a physical or mental change of state.
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| | ''*ticən-əskidə'' 'You woke me up'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*i-''
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| | Forms intransitive verbs from stems denoting labour or a physical or mental change of state.
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| | ''*it-əskidə'' 'I wake up'
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*ce-''
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| | Forms causative transitive verbs from stems denoting physical location or position.
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| | ''*icet-nər'' 'I put them on the boat'
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| |}
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| In addition, there are three derivative classifiers which can be used to derive verbs from noun and adjective stems.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
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| |+caption | Nominal and adjectival classifiers
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| |-
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| ! Classifier
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| ! Use
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| ! Example
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*ma-''
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| | When attached to an adjectival stem, it creates an intransitive verb meaning 'to become (''adjective'').' These take regular verbal marking, rather than stative verb (adjectival) marking.
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| | ''*hur-si'' ('it is high') → ''*ma-hur'' ('it becomes high')
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*me-''
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| | When attached to an adjectival stem, it creates a transitive verb meaning 'to make (''adjective'').' These take regular verbal marking, rather than stative verb (adjectival) marking.
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| | ''*hur-si'' ('it is high') → ''*time-hur'' ('I make it high; I heighten it')
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| | style="text-align:center;" | ''*pəl-''
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| | Attaches to noun stems, creating stative verbs meaning 'like a (noun).' These take stative verb (adjectival) marking.
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| | ''*sauk'' ('a hawk') → ''*pəl-sauk-si'' ('it is like a hawk.')
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| |}
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| ==== Conjugation ==== | | ==== Conjugation ==== |