Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 502: Line 502:


The marked conclusive form may be dropped and the bare stem used to signify a conclusive meaning before a pausa.
The marked conclusive form may be dropped and the bare stem used to signify a conclusive meaning before a pausa.
==== Auxiliary verbs ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Auxiliary verbs
|-
! ''verb''
! ''attaches to''
! ''use''
! ''example''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| ''*də''
| infinitive
| forms the perfective of mostly volitional verbs, and verbs describing conscious or exerted action
|}


=== Reduplication ===
=== Reduplication ===

Revision as of 20:48, 12 May 2020

Proto-Dynic
Created byGaffney McCoy Flancer
SettingVeyn
Dynic language family
  • Proto-Dynic

Proto-Dynic is a naturalistic constructed language made for the world of Veyn Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting. It is intended to serve as the common ancestor to the largest language family in Veyn, the Dynic family. The language and the family are both named after the shared root for the word 'person' in many Dynic languages, in Aryval, the most common Dynic language; dyn.

Proto-Dynic is a non-diegetic reconstructed conlang; that is, it does not exist within world of Veyn, but rather is framed as a hypothetical reconstruction that linguists may arrive at after studying the Dynic languages of Veyn. Although most of the in-world peoples of Veyn may have a basic understanding that the Dynic languages share a multitude of similarities, and understand the concept that they may have split from a single language in the distant past, they have yet to develop a model of Proto-Dynic. Although it is in fact not a reconstructed language—it was created before/along with it's descendants, it is presented as though it were, for stylistic reasons.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Dynic consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
plain labial
Nasal *m *n *ŋʷ
Stop voiceless *t *c *k *kʷ (*ʔ)
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative *s *h
Liquid *r *l *y *w

Vowels

Proto-Dynic vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close *i (*ɨ) *u
Mid *e *ə̄
Mid *a

Close central vowel

Scholars disagree in their reconstruction of an additional short close central vowel /*ɨ/ with no long counterpart. Some embrace it as a means of explaining the bi-moraic rule in verbs, wherein the conclusive ending *-su of bi-moraic verbs, such as *daŋʷa or *ren, can be dropped before a pausa, whilst in single mora stems such as *mi it is required; i.e. *misu. They find it strange that both a coda consonant and a full syllable are both considered moraic given that Proto-Dynic is otherwise forgiving of complex codas, and thus reconstruct a weak filler vowel to convert these moraic consonants into full syllables; e.g. *ren*renɨ. It is also used to explain the resolution of otherwise illegal initial clusters formed by personal agreement prefixes; *t-daŋʷa*ɨt-daŋʷa. The most ardent proponents of /*ɨ/ reconstruct Proto-Dynic as entirely CV, with clusters and coda consonants explained thereby; e.g. *sauk*sawɨkɨ, *əsk*əsɨkɨ, *t-daŋʷa*ɨtɨ-daŋʷa.

Accent

Morphology

Nouns

The basic, or absolutive, form of a noun is the bare stem, with no affixes or modifications. To this stem can be added a variety of affixes. Generally, prefixes are possessives or determinatives, whilst suffixes convert grammatical information such as case.

Nominal prefixes
Meaning Prefix Example
1.sg. possessor *tə- *tə-beŋ 'my house'
1.pl. possessor *wə- *wə-beŋ 'our house'
2.sg. possessor *nə- *nə-beŋ 'your house'
2.pl. possessor *bə- *bə-beŋ 'y'all's house'
3rd person possessor *ī- *ī-beŋ 'their house'
4th person possessor *kə- *kə-beŋ 'their house'
Indefinite possessor *ā- *ā-beŋ 'someone's house'
proximal determiner *gi- *gi-beŋ 'this house'
medial determiner *igi- *igi-beŋ 'that house near you'
distal determiner *agi- *agi-beŋ 'that house over there'
Nominal suffixes
Meaning Suffix Example
ergative case *-ŋa *dūnə-ŋa 'the person (erg.)'
dative case *-əi *dūnə-əi 'to the person'
Can also be used with motion to
locative case *-in *beŋ-in 'at the house'
Can also be used with motion from
comitative case *-il *kur-il 'with the chief'
partitive case *-isāh *arkʷ-isāh 'part of the boat'
vocative case *-a *kur-a 'o chief!'
honorific *-cin *dūnə-cin 'the person (said with respect)'

A small quirk of morphosyntax; when a prefix is attached to a word, any suffix is not attached after the words itself, but after the prefix, i.e. *wə-ŋa-kur ('our chief (erg.)') not **wə-kur-ŋa. This includes instances of suffixaufnahme, such as those which commonly occur with the honorific; *wə-cin-ŋa-kur not **wə-ŋa-kur-cin or **wə-cin-kur-ŋa.

Unmarked nouns can be used as a genitive construct state, wherein the possessor comes before the possessed, e.g. *kur-beŋ ('the chief's house'). Occasionally, the 3rd or 4th person possessive pronouns may come before the main noun, depending on the salience of the possessor within the discourse (*kur ī-beŋ or *kur kə-beŋ).

Verbs

The verb template

Proto-Dynic verb template
conjunct prefixes stem conjunct suffixes
1 2 3a 3b 4 5 6 7
direct object adverb (converb classifier) converb classifier subject stem auxiliary

Subject and object marking

Pronominal inflection
Number Subject Object
singular plural singular plural
1st person *t- *wi- *-ti- *-wəh-
2nd person *n- *bi- *-ni- *-bih-
3rd person *Ø- *i-
4rd person *s- *ki-
Indefinite *a- *a-
Reflexive *Ø- *de-

The third person and fourth person pronominal clitics are used to keep track of multiple third person arguments within discourse, any may also be referred to as the third person proximate and third person obviate respectively. The third person is assigned to the more salient argument, or the argument which has appeared before.

Classifiers

Proto-Dynic classifiers
classifier transitivity example
*-l- trans. *təul aŋ ('the door opens') → *təul kil-aŋ ('they open the door')
*-ca- trans. *sauk ser ('the hawks become fewer') → *sauk kicā-ser ('someone is making the hawks fewer')
*-ra- trans. *t-hī ('I breathe') → *ŋʷəi wast kira-hī ('fish breathe water')
*-ce- ditrans. *sauk it-misu ('I see a hawk') → *sauk tə-əi-ma kice-mi ('they show me the hawk')
*-ma- intrans. *n-hur-si ('you are tall') → *man-hur ('you get tall')
*-me- trans. *n-hur-si ('you are tall') → *imen-hur ('you make it tall')

Conjugation

Proto-Dynic has a rich system of verbal suffixes. Proto-Dynic verbs use inflection for modal and conjunctional purposes. Other categories, such as voice, tense, aspect and mood, are expressed using optional suffixed auxiliaries, which are also inflected. There are six principle parts from which all other conjugations are derived.

Consonant stem verbs
Verb class Irrealis Infinitive Conclusive Adnominal Realis Imperative Gloss
C-stem *rene *reni *renusu *renu *rensa *renə̄ 'take, tug'
s-stem *base *basi *basu *basu *bāsa *basə̄ 'hit, strike'
Semivowel stem verbs
Verb class Irrealis Infinitive Conclusive Adnominal Realis Imperative Gloss
y-stem regular *miye *mī *misu *miyu *misa *mire 'look, see'
y-stem strong *waye *wai *waisu *wayu *waisa *waire 'to dance'
y-stem weak *huye *hī *hīsu *huyu *hīsa *hīre 'to breathe'
w-stem regular *cuwe *cuwi *cusu *cū *cusa *cure 'make, do, place'
w-stem weak *iwe *iwi *īsu *īsa *īre 'to meet, to add'
w-stem strong *səwe *səwi *səusu *səu *səusa *səure 'to scream, to shout'
Vowel stem verbs
Verb class Irrealis Infinitive Conclusive Adnominal Realis Imperative Gloss
e-stem *ei *esu *eu *esa *ere 'eat'
ə-stem *kʷē *kʷəi *kʷəsu *kʷəu *kʷəsa *kʷə̄ 'say, speak'
a-stem *daŋʷae *daŋʷai *daŋʷasu *daŋʷau *daŋʷasa *daŋʷare 'sing, chant'
Adjectival verbs
Verb class Irrealis Infinitive Conclusive Adnominal Realis Imperative Gloss
C-stem *ə̄c-he *ə̄c-hi *ə̄c-si *ə̄c-hu *ə̄c-sa *ə̄c-həre 'big, large'
V-stem *ənə-he *ənə-hi *ənə-si *ənə-hu *ənə-sa *ənə-həre 'small, little'
ki-stem *bura-kihe *bura-kihi *bura-kisi *bura-kihu *bura-kisa *bura-kihəre 'small, little'

The marked conclusive form may be dropped and the bare stem used to signify a conclusive meaning before a pausa.

Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs
verb attaches to use example
*də infinitive forms the perfective of mostly volitional verbs, and verbs describing conscious or exerted action

Reduplication

Proto-Dynic makes extensive use of reduplication to form the plural of nouns. Generally, the first onset and nucleus of a word are reduplicated, with any long vowels shortened in the reduplicated syllable:

  • *kel ('island') → *kekel ('islands')
  • *dūnə ('person') → *dudūnə ('people')
  • *sauk ('hawk') → *sasauk ('hawks')

Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun. The same is true of adjectives:

  • *sēl ('the ocean') → *sesēl ('the vast ocean')
  • *hur-si ('tall, high') → *huhur-si ('very tall, very high')
  • *ə̄c-si ('large, big') → *əʔə̄c-si ('huge, enormous')

Occasionally a reduplicated term may carry both of these meanings. For example, *kekel may have the plural meaning 'islands,' or the collective 'land, all the islands, great island, continent.'

Reduplication is used in verbs to form mediopassive verbs from active transitive ones. Due to the bi-moraic rule, the conclusive verb ending is dropped before a pausa in verbs with single mora stems.

  • *misu ('to see') → *mimi ('to be visible')
    ex. *sauk it-misu ('I see a hawk') vs. *sauk mimi ('the hawk is visible/the hawk sees')
  • *bura ('to protect') → *bubura ('to be safe, to be protected')
  • *ag ('to raise') → *aʔag ('to rise')

Development

To Proto-Central Dynic

Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original , whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as [ɛː], written *ē₂.

  • *ē₁; e.g. *sēl ('sea') → *sē₁l
  • *ei*ē₁; e.g. *iteidə ('I ate it') → *itē₁d
  • *əi*ē₂; e.g. *-dəiarusu (PFV suffix) → *-dē₂arusu
  • *ai*ē₂; e.g. *t-daŋʷaidə ('I sang') → *ī-daŋʷē₂d

A similar change occurred with *ə̄ and *əu, however *eu and *au were unaffected.

  • *ə̄*ō₁; e.g. *nkʷə̄ (speak!) → *inkʷō₁
  • *əu*ō₂; e.g. *kʷəidəu (the one who spoke) → *kʷē₂dō₂ (perhaps [kʷɛ̂ː.dɔː])

Word final /*ə/ is dropped in most cases, except before a case suffix. Elsewhere, it becomes /*o/.

  • *dūnə ('person') → *dūn, but *dūnə-ŋa*dūno-ŋa

Lexicon

Proto-Dynic Lexicon

Footnotes