Proto-Haïdic: Difference between revisions

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:{{interlinear|box=yes
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| *aɮ’ām-a s’inɮ-īna wilʕ-u ayyi-thām
| *aẓ̌āma ṣinžīna wig`u ayyithām
| person-GEN.SG cat-NOM.PL milk-ACC.SG 3PL-CONCL/IPFV/drink
| person-GEN.SG cat-NOM.PL milk-ACC.SG 3PL-CONCL/IPFV/drink
| 'The person's cats are drinking the milk'}}
| 'The person's cats are drinking the milk'}}
Line 181: Line 181:


:{{interlinear|box=yes
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| *s’inɮ-ūna wilʕ-u ʔa-ndiʔ
| *ṣinžūna wig`u ’a-ndi’
| cat-GEN.PL milk-ACC.SG 1SG-CONCL/PFV/give
| cat-GEN.PL milk-ACC.SG 1SG-CONCL/PFV/give
| 'I gave the cats milk'}}
| 'I gave the cats milk'}}


:{{interlinear|box=yes
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| *s’inɮ-ūna waliʕ ʔa-sithumu <nowiki>=</nowiki>ndiʔ
| *ṣinžūna wagi` ’asithumu ndi’
| cat-ACC.PL milk 1SG-INF/make_drink <nowiki>=</nowiki>CONCL/give
| cat-ACC.PL milk 1SG-INF/make_drink <nowiki>=</nowiki>CONCL/give
| 'I let the cats drink the milk'}}
| 'I let the cats drink the milk'}}
{| class="wikitable"  style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Helper clitics
|-
! Case
! Clitic
! Source
! Example
|-
| Genitive
| ''*-bay''
| ''*bayiħ'' ('hand')
| ''*ʔa-''bay-''a s’inɮ'' ('my cat')
|-
| Accusative
| ''*-māt''
| ''*māt'' ('stuff')
| ''*ʔa-''māt''-u ya-ptah'' ('they struck me')
|-
| Allative
| ''*-(a)daɮ''
| ''*ʔadaɮ'' ('to go')
| ''*ʔa-bit’-a-''daɮ''-a ya-ʕmād'' ('they are walking towards my house')
|-
| Ablative
| ''*-(u)θawz''
| ''*θawaz'' ('to leave')
| ''*ʔa-bit’-u-''θawz''-a ya-ksiħ'' ('they came from my house')
|}


=== Derived stems ===
=== Derived stems ===

Revision as of 15:10, 4 June 2020

Proto-Haïdic
Created byLimius
SettingAvrid
Native toFasser
EthnicityFasserman
Haïdic
  • Proto-Haïdic
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Proto-Haïdic is the reconstructed ancestor to the Haïdic language family.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Interdental Alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyn-
geal
Glottal
plain emphatic plain emphatic plain emphatic
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *p *t *t’ *k *k’
voiced *b *d *g
Fricative voiceless *θ’ *s *s’ *x *h
voiced *z
Lateral
fricative
voiceless *ɬ’
voiced
Approximate *y *w

Verbs

Alignment

Noun cases
Singular Dual Plural
full reduced full reduced full reduced
Nominative *-i *-Ø *-āni *-ān *-īna *-īn
Accusative *-u *-ānay *-ūna *-ūn
Genitive *-a

Broadly speaking, Proto-Haïdic is reconstructed as having a nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment system, as opposed to the Bäladiri alignment system of Proto-Maro-Ephenian. Nouns in Proto-Haïdic decline for three cases; the nominative, accusative, and genitive. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number.

*aẓ̌āma

person-GEN.SG

ṣinžīna

cat-NOM.PL

wig`u

milk-ACC.SG

ayyithām

3PL-CONCL/IPFV/drink

*aẓ̌āma ṣinžīna wig`u ayyithām

person-GEN.SG cat-NOM.PL milk-ACC.SG 3PL-CONCL/IPFV/drink

'The person's cats are drinking the milk'

The genitive can also serve as a general oblique case, used for the indirect object with verbs like *nadiʔ ('to give').

*ṣinžūna

cat-GEN.PL

wig`u

milk-ACC.SG

’a-ndi’

1SG-CONCL/PFV/give

*ṣinžūna wig`u ’a-ndi’

cat-GEN.PL milk-ACC.SG 1SG-CONCL/PFV/give

'I gave the cats milk'

*ṣinžūna

cat-ACC.PL

wagi`

milk

’asithumu

1SG-INF/make_drink

ndi’

=CONCL/give

*ṣinžūna wagi` ’asithumu ndi’

cat-ACC.PL milk 1SG-INF/make_drink =CONCL/give

'I let the cats drink the milk'

Derived stems

Verb patterns
Stem Verb Description Meaning
adnominal conclusive infinitive
I *patah *ʔaptah *ʔaptuhu The simple stem for transitive and intransitive verbs. 'I strike'
II *putih *ʔuptih *ʔupātuhu *u-mediopassive, used to form intransitive verbs from transitive Stem I verbs. 'I am stricken'
III *itpatah *ʔamitpatah *ʔamitpātuhu Simple stem with t-infix after first radical, indicating reciprocal or reflexive. 'we strike each other'
IV *itputih *ʔitputih *ʔitputuhu *u-mediopassive with t-infix after first radical, indicating reflexive. 'I strike myself'
V *pittah *ʔapittah *ʔapittuhu Gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive. 'I destroy'
VI *puttih *ʔuputtih *ʔuputtuhu *u-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive mediopassive. 'I am destroyed'
VII *itpattah *ʔamitpattah *ʔamitpattuhu Gemination of the second radical with t-infix after first radical, indicating intensive reciprocal or reflexive. 'we destroy each other'
VIII *itputtih *ʔitputtih *ʔitputtuhu *u-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating intensive reflexive. 'I destroy myself'
IX *siptah *ʔasiptah *ʔasiptuhu *s-performative, indicating the causative of intransitive Stem I verbs. 'I make them strike'
IX *sitpatah *ʔasitpatah *ʔasitpātuhu *s-performative with t-infix after first radical, indicating causative reciprocal or reflexive. 'I make them strike each other'
X *sitputih *ʔasitputih *ʔasitputuhu *s-performative and *u-mediopassive with t-infix after first radical, indicating causative reflexive. 'I make them strike themselves'
XI *sipattah *ʔasipattah *ʔasipattuhu *s-performative with gemination of the second radical, indicating the intensive causative. 'I make them destroy'
XII *sitpattah *ʔasitpattah *ʔasitpattuhu *s-performative with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating the intensive causative reciprocal or reflexive. 'I make them destroy each other'
XIII *sitputtih *ʔasitputtih *ʔasitpattuhu *s-performative and *u-mediopassive with gemination of the second radical and t-infix after first radical, indicating the intensive causative reflexive. 'I make them destroy themselves'

Principle parts

There are three principle verb forms for each derivational stem; the adnominal, conclusive, and infinitive. Different forms are used in different environments. The adnominal modifies a noun, much in the way an English relative clause does. It agrees with the case of the noun. The conclusive comes sentence finally and signals the completion of a thought or action. The infinitive is used before other verbs to modify them, or to signal sequential or complimentary action. It is the only form that takes auxiliaries, such as the negative marker *ɬan.

*sakir-i

ADN/bloom-NOM

ðamɮ’an

flower

*sakir-i ðamɮ’an

ADN/bloom-NOM flower

'The flower that blooms'

*ðamɮ’an-i

flower-NOM

ya-skir

3SG-CONCL/bloom

*ðamɮ’an-i ya-skir

flower-NOM 3SG-CONCL/bloom

'The flower blooms'

*ðamɮ’an-i

flower-NOM

ya-skuru=ɮan

3SG-INF/bloom=CONCL/NEG

*ðamɮ’an-i ya-skuru=ɮan

flower-NOM 3SG-INF/bloom=CONCL/NEG

'The flower doesn't bloom'

*i-skuru=ɮan-i

STAT-INF/bloom=ADN/NEG-NOM

ðamɮ’an

flower

*i-skuru=ɮan-i ðamɮ’an

STAT-INF/bloom=ADN/NEG-NOM flower

'The flower that doesn't bloom