Proto-Hlou-Shum

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Proto-Talsmic phonology

Consonant inventory

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *p *t *c *k *q
voiced *b *d *g
aspirated *pʰ *tʰ *cʰ *kʰ *qʰ
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced *z
Approximant *w *j
Trill *r
Lateral app. *l

/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].

Vocalic inventory

Front Central Back
Close *i *ī *u *ū
Mid *e *ē *o *ō
Open *a *ā

Sound changes

  1. *qʰ >
  2. *ʔ=ʔ >
  3. *mʔ, *nʔ, *lʔ, *rʔ > *mp, *nt, *lt, *rt; *mh, *nh, *lh, *rh > *mɸ, *nθ, *lθ, *rθ
  4. *kʰ *cʰ *tʰ *pʰ > *x *ç *θ *ɸ
  5. *ēj > *ie
  6. Pronominal grammaticalization begins
  7. *ie often > *i / _#
  8. *c >
  9. *ç *ƶ
    • > *θ *ð
    • > _C[+coronal +plosive/affricate]
  10. *k > *x / _{d, t, ŧ}
  11. *tk, *ck *tkʰ/kʰ > *xt, *xŧ, *kθ
  12. *q *χ > *ʡ *ħ
    • > except...
    • > *w / _C[+voiced] or _V[+close]
  13. Themsaran rhotacization: *z > *r / V_C[-semivowel, +voiced, ~{/z/}]
  14. coronal obstruent + sibilanti > sibilantisibilanti
  15. *oi *ui >
  16. *ou >
  17. Tonogenesis event: *=ʔ > word-final tonic syllable
  18. *u, *w > *y / C_#
  19. *CC[+resonant]{C, #} > *CyC[+resonant]{C, #}
    • Cyı{C, #} > Ci{C, #}
  20. CC[-resonant]C > CiC[-resonant]C
  21. *ıy[ː] > i[ː]
  22. *nr > *ndr, *lr > *ldr
  23. Verbal tone patterns are established
  24. *w > *v
  25. >
  26. *h
    • > [ː~] / _C[+fricative]
    • > [~ː] / _#
    • > [ː~] / _C
    • > [~ː] / _#
    • > 0 / otherwise
    • > ħ / _{*t, }