Proto-Rathmosian: Difference between revisions

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! style="" |Nasal
! style="" |Nasal
|style="width: 68px; "|
|style="width: 68px; "|
| style="width: 68px; "| m
| style="width: 68px; "| '''m''' /m/
|style="width: 68px; "|  
|style="width: 68px; "|  
| style="width: 68px; "| n
| style="width: 68px; "| '''n''' /n/
| style="width: 68px; "|
| style="width: 68px; "|
|style="width: 68px; "|
|style="width: 68px; "|
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|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
! style="" |Plosive
| p
| '''p''' /p/
| b
| '''b''' /b/
| t  
| '''t''' /t/
| d
| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| k  
| '''k''' /k/
| g
| '''g''' /g/
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="" |Fricative
| ɸ  
| '''f''' /ɸ/
|
|
| s  
| '''s''' /s/
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|  
|  
|
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| x  
| '''h''' /x/
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|-
|-
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|  
|  
|
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| ts  
| '''ts''' /ts/
|
|
|  
|  
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|
|
|  
|  
| r
| '''r''' /r/
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|
|
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! style="" |Approximant
! style="" |Approximant
|  
|  
| w
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
|  
|  
|
|
| j
| '''y''' /j/
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| l
| '''l''' /l/
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Nouns are declined according to eight cases:
Nouns are declined according to eight cases:


* '''Absolutive''' denotes the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb.
* '''Absolutive''' denotes the patient of a verb, either the direct object of a transitive verb or the subject of certain intransitive verbs.
* '''Ergative''' denotes the subject of a transitive verb.
* '''Ergative''' denotes the agent of the verb, either the subject of a transitive or certain intransitive verbs.
* '''Dative''' denotes the indirect object of a verb and describes motion towards.
* '''Dative''' denotes the indirect object of a verb and describes motion towards.
* '''Genitive''' denotes the possessor of an object.
* '''Genitive''' denotes the possessor of an object.
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===Number===
===Number===
There are three numbers: '''singular''', '''plural''' and '''collective''', the last of which may denote a discrete group of objects or a class as a whole.
There are two numbers: '''singular''' and '''plural'''.


===Inflexion===
===Inflexion===
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|-
|-
! width="15%;" | Absolutive
! width="15%;" | Absolutive
| width="10%;" | - || ''negu'' || width="10%;" | '''''-wa''''' || ''neguwa''
| width="10%;" | - || ''nega'' || width="10%;" | '''''-wa''''' || ''negawa''
|-
|-
! Ergative  
! Ergative  
| '''''-s'''''|| ''negus'' || '''''-ns''''' || ''neguns''
| '''''-s'''''|| ''negas'' || '''''-ns''''' || ''negans''
|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
| '''''-yep''''' || ''neguyep'' || '''''-nep'''''|| ''negunep''  
| '''''-yep''''' || ''negayep'' || '''''-nep'''''|| ''neganep''  
|-
|-
! Genitive  
! Genitive  
| '''''-y'''''|| ''neguy'' || '''''-ni''''' || ''neguni''  
| '''''-y'''''|| ''negay'' || '''''-ni''''' || ''negani''  
|-
|-
! Ablative  
! Ablative  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''neguta''|| '''''-nta''''' || ''negunta''  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''negata''|| '''''-nta''''' || ''neganta''  
|-
|-
! Instrumental  
! Instrumental  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''negura'' || '''''-rra''''' || ''negurra''  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''negara'' || '''''-rra''''' || ''negarra''  
|-
|-
! Locative  
! Locative  
| '''''-yen''''' || ''neguyen'' || '''''-nen''''' || ''negunen''  
| '''''-yen''''' || ''negayen'' || '''''-nen''''' || ''neganen''  
|-
|-
! Comitative  
! Comitative  
| '''''-kun''''' || ''negukun''|| '''''-nkun''''' || ''negunkun''
| '''''-kun''''' || ''negakun''|| '''''-nkun''''' || ''negankun''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! Ergative  
! Ergative  
| '''''-s'''''|| ''kers'' || '''''-ns''''' || ''kerəns''
| '''''-s'''''|| ''kers'' || '''''-əns''''' || ''kerəns''
|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
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|-
|-
! Ablative  
! Ablative  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''kerta''|| '''''-nta''''' || ''kerənta''  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''kerta''|| '''''-ənta''''' || ''kerənta''  
|-
|-
! Instrumental  
! Instrumental  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''kerra'' || '''''-rra''''' || ''kerərra''  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''kerra'' || '''''-ərra''''' || ''kerərra''  
|-
|-
! Locative  
! Locative  
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|-
|-
! Comitative  
! Comitative  
| '''''-kun''''' || ''kerkun''|| '''''-nkun''''' || ''kerənkun''
| '''''-kun''''' || ''kerkun''|| '''''-ənkun''''' || ''kerənkun''
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! Ergative  
! Ergative  
| '''''-s'''''|| ''kerils'' || '''''-ns''''' || ''keriləns''
| '''''-s'''''|| ''kerils'' || '''''-əns''''' || ''keriləns''
|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
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|-
|-
! Ablative  
! Ablative  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''kerilta''|| '''''-nta''''' || ''kerilənta''  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''kerilta''|| '''''-ənta''''' || ''kerilənta''  
|-
|-
! Instrumental  
! Instrumental  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''kerilra'' || '''''-rra''''' || ''kerilərra''  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''kerilra'' || '''''-ərra''''' || ''kerilərra''  
|-
|-
! Locative  
! Locative  
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|-
|-
! Comitative  
! Comitative  
| '''''-kun''''' || ''kerilkun''|| '''''-nkun''''' || ''kerilənkun''
| '''''-kun''''' || ''kerilkun''|| '''''-ənkun''''' || ''kerilənkun''
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" width="60%;" caption-side:
{| class="wikitable" width="60%;" caption-side:
|+ style="caption-side: top;"| Inanimate: vocalic stem (''keril'' "lord, king")
|+ style="caption-side: top;"| Inanimate: vocalic stem (''hemaku'' "sky")
|-
|-
!  !! colspan="2;" | Singular !! colspan="2;" | Plural  
!  !! colspan="2;" | Singular !! colspan="2;" | Plural  
|-
|-
! width="15%;" | Absolutive
! width="15%;" | Absolutive
| width="10%;" | - || ''keril'' || width="10%;" | '''''-wa''''' || ''kerilwa''
| width="10%;" | - || ''hemaku'' || width="10%;" | '''''-r''''' || ''hemakur''
|-
! Dative
| '''''-m''''' || ''hemakum'' || '''''-rm'''''|| ''hemakurm''
|-
! Genitive
| '''''-ya'''''|| ''hemakuya'' || '''''-rya''''' || ''hemakurya''
|-
! Ablative
| '''''-ta''''' || ''hemakuta''|| '''''-rta''''' || ''hemakurta''
|-
! Instrumental
| '''''-ra''''' || ''hemakura'' || '''''-rra''''' || ''hemakurra''
|-
! Locative
| '''''-yen''''' || ''hemakuyen'' || '''''-ren''''' || ''hemakuren''
|-
! Comitative
| '''''-kun''''' || ''hemakukun''|| '''''-rkun''''' || ''hemakurkun''
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" width="60%;" caption-side:
|+ style="caption-side: top;"| Inanimate: consonantal stem (''renadik'' "book")
|-
!  !! colspan="2;" | Singular !! colspan="2;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Ergative
! width="15%;" | Absolutive
| '''''-s'''''|| ''kerils'' || '''''-ns''''' || ''keriləns''
| width="10%;" | - || ''renadik'' || width="10%;" | '''''-ər''''' || ''renadikər''
|-
|-
! Dative  
! Dative  
| '''''-ep''''' || ''kerilep'' || '''''-nep'''''|| ''kerilnep''  
| '''''-m''''' || ''renadikəm'' || '''''-ərm'''''|| ''renadikərm''  
|-
|-
! Genitive  
! Genitive  
| '''''-i'''''|| ''kerili'' || '''''-ni''''' || ''kerilni''  
| '''''-ya'''''|| ''renadikya'' || '''''-ərya''''' || ''renadikərya''  
|-
|-
! Ablative  
! Ablative  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''kerilta''|| '''''-nta''''' || ''kerilənta''  
| '''''-ta''''' || ''renadikta''|| '''''-ərta''''' || ''renadikərta''  
|-
|-
! Instrumental  
! Instrumental  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''kerilra'' || '''''-rra''''' || ''kerilərra''  
| '''''-ra''''' || ''renadikra'' || '''''-ərra''''' || ''renadikərra''  
|-
|-
! Locative  
! Locative  
| '''''-en''''' || ''kerilen'' || '''''-nen''''' || ''kerilnen''  
| '''''-en''''' || ''renadiken'' || '''''-ren''''' || ''renadikren''  
|-
|-
! Comitative  
! Comitative  
| '''''-kun''''' || ''kerilkun''|| '''''-nkun''''' || ''kerilənkun''
| '''''-kun''''' || ''renadikkun''|| '''''-ərkun''''' || ''renadikərkun''
|-
|-
|}
|}
Note that inanimate nouns do not have ergative forms.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Verbal conjugation is agglutinative and verbs may be marked for aspect (imperfective, perfective), valency (transitive, intransitive, medial, causative, reflexive, ...), and argument (absolutive, ergative).  
Verb forms in Rathmosian are largely agglutinative and the verbal system could be described as active-stative, in which verbs are marked differently according to the degree of agency the subject has. Verbal stems are divided into five classes, according to agency, transitivity and activity. Verb roots may change internally to indicate certain aspects, and derivational prefixes and suffixes may be added to the root to alter its basic meaning. However, the conjugation of the verb is largely carried out with suffixes to indicate aspect, voice, subject and object. The order of elements is fixed in the following ways:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ '''Elements of the Verb'''
|-
| style="width: 100px;" | Derivational <br /> Prefixes || style="width: 100px;" | '''ROOT''' ||style="width: 100px;" | Derivational <br /> Suffixes ||style="width: 100px;" | Aspect <br /> Marker ||style="width: 100px;" | Voice <br /> Marker ||style="width: 100px;" | Absolutive <br /> Marker ||style="width: 100px;" | Ergative <br /> Marker
|}


===Verbal Classes===
===Verbal Classes===
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* '''Agent focus''' verbs are marked with '''''-u-''''' and are used with Class IV and V verbs, where the subject is the agent of the verb, but where no direct object is stated e.g. ''kuku-'' "eat", ''yuru-'' "run". The subject is in the ergative case for both transitive and intransitive verbs.
* '''Agent focus''' verbs are marked with '''''-u-''''' and are used with Class IV and V verbs, where the subject is the agent of the verb, but where no direct object is stated e.g. ''kuku-'' "eat", ''yuru-'' "run". The subject is in the ergative case for both transitive and intransitive verbs.
* '''Medial''' verbs are marked with '''''-e-''''' and are used with Class V transitive verbs when the agent and the patient refer to the same entity, creating a reciprocal or reflexive meaning, e.g. ''sape-'' "wash oneself". The subject here is in the ergative case.  
* '''Medial''' verbs are marked with '''''-e-''''' and are used with Class V transitive verbs when the agent and the patient refer to the same entity, creating a reciprocal or reflexive meaning, e.g. ''sape-'' "wash oneself". The subject here is in the ergative case.  
* '''Causative''' verbs are marked with '''''-im-''''', which is added to intransitive verbs (Class I-IV) to create a transitive, or to transitive (Class V) verbs to make a ditransitive, e.g. ''mlak-'' "die" > ''mlakim-'' "kill", ''keyk-'' "see" > ''keykim-'' "show, explain". The subject ('causer') of the verb is always in the ergative. The subject of an originally intransitive verb or the direct object of an originally transitive verb remain in the absolutive case. The subject of an originally transitive verb is demoted to the dative.  
* '''Causative''' verbs are marked with '''''-im-''''', which is added to intransitive verbs (Class I-IV) to create a transitive, or to transitive (Class V) verbs to make a ditransitive, e.g. ''mlak-'' "die" > ''mlakim-'' "kill", ''keyk-'' "see" > ''keykim-'' "show, explain". The subject ('causer') of the verb is always in the ergative. The subject of an originally intransitive verb or the direct object of an originally transitive verb remains in the absolutive case. The subject of an originally transitive verb is demoted to the dative.  
<small>* '''Patient Causative''' verbs take '''''-am-''''' and are formed from either transitive or intransitive verbs to create an intransitive in which the patient of the original verb
* '''Patient Causative''' verbs take '''''-am-''''' and are used to describe an action or state which is assumed to be caused, but without reference to the 'causer', creating a passive causative, e.g. ''keyk-'' "see" > ''keykam-'' "is made to see, understands", ''mlak-'' "die" > ''mlakam-'' "is killed"
</small>
* '''Autocausative''' verbs take '''''-em''''' and create a causative in which the agent causes the action to itself, e.g. ''mlakem-'' "kill oneself".
* '''Autocausative''' verbs take '''''-em''''' and create a causative in which the agent causes the action to itself, e.g. ''mlakem-'' "kill oneself"
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Elements of the Verb'''
|-
| Prefixes || '''Root''' || Derivation || Aspect Marker || Valency Marker || Absolutive || Ergative
|}


===Subject and Object Markers===
===Subject and Object Markers===
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|}
|}


Where the previous element ends in a consonant, the epenthetic vowel ''ə'' may be inserted, e.g. ''mumubneməd'' "he was saddened", ''
Where the previous element ends in a consonant, the epenthetic vowel ''ə'' may be inserted, e.g. ''mumubnaməd'' "he was saddened", ''


The ergative markers agree with the subject of a transitive verb. Since inanimate nouns cannot be the agent of a verb, by definintion, there are no inanimate ergative markers.
The ergative markers agree with the subject of a transitive verb. Since inanimate nouns cannot be the agent of a verb, by definintion, there are no inanimate ergative markers.
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* ''kekeykiran'' "we saw them"
* ''kekeykiran'' "we saw them"
* ''faalad'' "they are sleeping"
* ''faalad'' "they are sleeping"
* ''yuyuret'' "he/she ran"
* ''yuyurut'' "he/she ran"


=Syntax=
=Syntax=
=Vocabulary=
=Vocabulary=
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