Proto-Settameric/Swadesh list

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No. English PS Notes
1 I *n- Appears as *-an (1st person transitive subject), *-kan (1st person intransitive subject).
2 you (sg.) *ki- Appears as *-akʷ (1st person transitive subject), *-kəxʷ (1st person intransitive subject).
3 we *mi-
4 this *ɣi Proximal marker, contransted with *jooθə - another proximate marker, the difference between them is not established.
5 that *ət Distal marker, far from both speaker and listener. Contrasts with *da as the medial-distance marker, far from speaker but close to listener.
6 who *kʷarsə Higher animate (used when talking about humans), contrasts with *tʰam, used with nouns of a lower animacy.
7 what *wat
8 not *kää- A prefix, used together with nominals.
9 all *lčus, *nyumʼə
10 many *səłku-(t/s) Western and far Eastern languages show a final *-t, while other languages point towards *-s instead.
11 one *nyeem
12 two *meeja
13 big *ɣʷiin
14 long *kił
15 small *iłiiqʰi
16 woman *eełəŋ(kʼə) *kʼ only shows in Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language).
17 man *jootuqʼee Problematic, as most languages have different words, like *(i)nees, or *ajtax (this word probably originally meant "husband").
18 person *nipeekʰ Derives from *ni- and *weekʰu "people".
19 fish *čʰuu, *qəqoon *qəqoon probably meant "salmon" and kept its original meaning in Western languages.
20 bird All branches show different words for "bird", such as *peeleeš, *lčaŋkłəs, or *cʼisqʷə.
21 horse *ilaar Dogs do not exist on Liifam, a word for "horse" is listed instead.
22 louse *θirxee
23 tree *čʰikʷee
24 seed *θalču(jŋə) Western languages point to *θalču, while Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ.
25 leaf *pəlaŋqʼa
26 root *čʼəłəjip
27 bark (n.) *xeerɣʷa
28 skin *ʟuuqʼə, *θərə
29 meat *dääw, *diɣʷ Both *dääw and *diɣʷ gave words for "meat", but *dääw likely meant "cheek".
30 blood Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: *arə, *ałkʷə and *cʰooxi.
31 bone
32 grease
33 egg
34 horn
35 tail
36 feather
37 hair
38 head
39 ear
40 eye
41 nose
42 mouth
43 tooth
44 tongue
45 fingernail
46 foot
47 knee
48 hand
49 belly
50 neck
51 breast
52 heart
53 liver
54 drink
55 eat
56 bite
57 see
58 hear
59 know
60 sleep
61 die
62 kill
63 swim
64 fly (v.)
65 go
66 come
67 lie
68 sit
69 stand
70 give
71
72
73 moon
74 star
75 water
76 rain
77 stone
78 sand
79 land
80 cloud
81 smoke
82 fire
83 ashes
84 burn
85 path
86 mountain
87 red
88 green
89 yellow
90 white
91 black
92 night
93 warm
94 cold
95 full
96 new
97 good
98 round
99 dry
100 name