Proto-Settameric/Swadesh list
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| No. | English | PS | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | *n- | Appears as *-an (1st person transitive subject), *-kan (1st person intransitive subject). |
| 2 | you (sg.) | *ki- | Appears as *-akʷ (1st person transitive subject), *-kəxʷ (1st person intransitive subject). |
| 3 | we | *mi- | |
| 4 | this | *ɣi | Proximal marker, contransted with *jooθə - another proximate marker, the difference between them is not established. |
| 5 | that | *ət | Distal marker, far from both speaker and listener. Contrasts with *da as the medial-distance marker, far from speaker but close to listener. |
| 6 | who | *kʷarsə | Higher animate (used when talking about humans), contrasts with *tʰam, used with nouns of a lower animacy. |
| 7 | what | *wat | |
| 8 | not | *kää- | A prefix, used together with nominals. |
| 9 | all | *lčus, *nyumʼə | |
| 10 | many | *səłku-(t/s) | Western and far Eastern languages show a final *-t, while other languages point towards *-s instead. |
| 11 | one | *nyeem | |
| 12 | two | *meeja | |
| 13 | big | *ɣʷiin | |
| 14 | long | *kił | |
| 15 | small | *iłiiqʰi | |
| 16 | woman | *eełəŋ(kʼə) | *kʼ only shows in Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language). |
| 17 | man | *jootuqʼee | Problematic, as most languages have different words, like *(i)nees, or *ajtax (this word probably originally meant "husband"). |
| 18 | person | *nipeekʰ | Derives from *ni- and *weekʰu "people". |
| 19 | fish | *čʰuu, *qəqoon | *qəqoon probably meant "salmon" and kept its original meaning in Western languages. |
| 20 | bird | – | All branches show different words for "bird", such as *peeleeš, *lčaŋkłəs, or *cʼisqʷə. |
| 21 | horse | *ilaar | Dogs do not exist on Liifam, a word for "horse" is listed instead. |
| 22 | louse | *θirxee | |
| 23 | tree | *čʰikʷee | |
| 24 | seed | *θalču(jŋə) | Western languages point to *θalču, while Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ. |
| 25 | leaf | *pəlaŋqʼa | |
| 26 | root | *čʼəłəjip | |
| 27 | bark (n.) | *xeerɣʷa | |
| 28 | skin | *ʟuuqʼə, *θərə | |
| 29 | meat | *dääw, *diɣʷ | Both *dääw and *diɣʷ gave words for "meat", but *dääw likely meant "cheek". |
| 30 | blood | – | Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: *arə, *ałkʷə and *cʰooxi. |
| 31 | bone | ||
| 32 | grease | ||
| 33 | egg | ||
| 34 | horn | ||
| 35 | tail | ||
| 36 | feather | ||
| 37 | hair | ||
| 38 | head | ||
| 39 | ear | ||
| 40 | eye | ||
| 41 | nose | ||
| 42 | mouth | ||
| 43 | tooth | ||
| 44 | tongue | ||
| 45 | fingernail | ||
| 46 | foot | ||
| 47 | knee | ||
| 48 | hand | ||
| 49 | belly | ||
| 50 | neck | ||
| 51 | breast | ||
| 52 | heart | ||
| 53 | liver | ||
| 54 | drink | ||
| 55 | eat | ||
| 56 | bite | ||
| 57 | see | ||
| 58 | hear | ||
| 59 | know | ||
| 60 | sleep | ||
| 61 | die | ||
| 62 | kill | ||
| 63 | swim | ||
| 64 | fly (v.) | ||
| 65 | go | ||
| 66 | come | ||
| 67 | lie | ||
| 68 | sit | ||
| 69 | stand | ||
| 70 | give | ||
| 71 | |||
| 72 | |||
| 73 | moon | ||
| 74 | star | ||
| 75 | water | ||
| 76 | rain | ||
| 77 | stone | ||
| 78 | sand | ||
| 79 | land | ||
| 80 | cloud | ||
| 81 | smoke | ||
| 82 | fire | ||
| 83 | ashes | ||
| 84 | burn | ||
| 85 | path | ||
| 86 | mountain | ||
| 87 | red | ||
| 88 | green | ||
| 89 | yellow | ||
| 90 | white | ||
| 91 | black | ||
| 92 | night | ||
| 93 | warm | ||
| 94 | cold | ||
| 95 | full | ||
| 96 | new | ||
| 97 | good | ||
| 98 | round | ||
| 99 | dry | ||
| 100 | name |