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Puhval: Difference between revisions
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{{Under construction |placedby= |section= |nosection= |nocat= |notready= |comment= |category= |altimage= |notify= }} | {{Under construction |placedby= |section= |nosection= |nocat= |notready= |comment= |category= |altimage= |notify= }} | ||
{{Infobox language | |||
| boxsize = 22em | |||
| name = Puhval | |||
| altname = Also known as "Puval" | |||
| nativename = | |||
| acceptance = | |||
| image = [[File:Puhval Name in the Puhvalmjah Script.png|thumb]] | |||
| imagesize = 12em | |||
| imagealt = alt text for the image | |||
| imagecaption = Puval in Puvalmja script | |||
| imageheader = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column) | |||
| pronunciation = pɵ.ˈvʌl | |||
| pronunciation_key = pronunciation key of the languages; defaults to Help:IPA | |||
| creator = User: Toastghost | |||
| created = 2023 | |||
| setting = setting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.) | |||
| states = real or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=) | |||
| ethnicity = Puhvalkamal | |||
| extinct = date of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display | |||
| era = era of historical use; speakers will not display | |||
| speakers = number of speakers | |||
| date = date of estimate of number of speakers | |||
| speakers2 = 2nd line (2nd estimate, 2nd country, L2 speakers, etc.) | |||
| revived = date of attempted or successful language revival | |||
| familycolor = appropriate language family Constructed Language | |||
See table below for list of options. Please do not use other names, as they will not be recognised, and the table will be colored | |||
grey. In most cases, 'familycolor' will trigger a default entry for the 'fam1' field, so that field is not necessary (you can | |||
continue with 'fam2'), but you can override this by entering something under 'fam1'. For areal colors (American, Khoisan, | |||
Paleosiberian, etc.), you will be prompted for a 'fam1' entry if you do not provide one. If 'isolate' or 'unclassified' is used, the | |||
fam1–xx tree will not display. | |||
| fam1 = the broadest possible widely accepted language family of which the language is a part | |||
| fam2 = a more specific subfamily | |||
| ... | |||
| fam15 = most specific subgroup | |||
| family = whatever you want to say; fam1–xx will not display | |||
| ancestor1 = Buhval | |||
| ancestor2 = Proto-Puhval | |||
| ... (up to 8) | |||
| posteriori = natural-language sources | |||
| stand1 = a standardized register | |||
| stand2 = a second standardized register | |||
| ... (up to 6) | |||
| standards = whatever you want to say | |||
| dia1 = a primary dialect | |||
| dia2 = another primary dialect | |||
| ... (up to 20) | |||
| dialects = whatever you want to say | |||
| script1 = a writing system used for the language by literate speakers; use standard codes, see Module:scripts/data | |||
| script2 = another writing system; use standard codes, see Module:scripts/data | |||
| ... (up to 5) | |||
| scripts = Puvalmja | |||
| nation = list of countries in which it is an official language | |||
| minority = list of countries in which it is a recognised minority language | |||
| agency = regulatory body or language academy for the language | |||
| development_body = development body for the language | |||
| iso1 = the ISO 639-1 code for the language | |||
| iso1comment = for comments to not interfere with the link | |||
| iso2 = the ISO 639-2 code for the language (not for its family) | |||
| iso2comment = for comments to not interfere with the link | |||
| iso3 = the ISO 639-3 code for the language | |||
| iso3comment = for comments to not interfere with the link | |||
| clcr = Conlang Registry Code for the language | |||
| glotto = Glottolog code for the language | |||
| glottoname = name of code glotto | |||
| glotto2 = Second Glottolog code for the language | |||
| glottoname2 = name of code glotto2 | |||
| cws = ConWorkShop code for the language | |||
| ietf = IETF (BCP 47) code for the language | |||
| brcl = Brightraven Registry of Constructed Languages code for the language | |||
| map = image at bottom of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets. | |||
| mapsize = override default map size (currently 350px). Use units ("123px", "12em"). Affects both maps. | |||
| mapalt = alt text for the map | |||
| mapcaption = caption to appear under map | |||
| map2 = a second map | |||
| mapalt2 = alt text for the second map | |||
| mapcaption2 = caption to appear under both mapswidth.) | |||
| notice = IPA/ipa [adds notice for IPA notation] | |||
}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
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--> | --> | ||
===Inspiration=== | |||
Puval was inspired by French, German, English, and Arabic | |||
<!-- ***Phonology*** --> | <!-- ***Phonology*** --> | ||
| Line 36: | Line 116: | ||
--> | --> | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
<!-- ***Phonology*** --> | <!-- ***Phonology*** --> | ||
| Line 49: | Line 130: | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Puhval has 17 letters, 12 consonants and 5 vowels with 25 unique sounds. There are 2 accent marks | |||
[[File:Puhval Consonants.png|frameless]] | |||
[[File:Puhval Vowels.png|frameless]] | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
! colspan=" | |- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#D9D9D9;" | ||
|- style=" | ! colspan="13" | Pulmonic Consonants | ||
| | |- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | ||
| colspan=" | | rowspan="3" | <br /><br /> | ||
| colspan="6 | | colspan="4" | Labial | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="6" | Coronal | ||
| colspan="2" | Dorsal | |||
|- style=" | |- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | ||
| | | colspan="2" | Bilabial | ||
| | | colspan="2" | Labiodental | ||
| | | colspan="2" | Alveolar | ||
| colspan="2 | | colspan="2" | Postalveolar | ||
| | | colspan="2" | Retroflex | ||
| | | colspan="2" | Velar | ||
| style=" | |- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | ||
| Voiceless | |||
| | | Voiced | ||
| | | Voiceless | ||
| | | Voiced | ||
| | | Voiceless | ||
| | | Voiced | ||
| Voiceless | |||
| Voiced | |||
| Voiceless | |||
| Voiced | |||
| Voiceless | |||
| Voiced | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Nasal | ||
| | | || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | ||
| | |||
| | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style="text-align: | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Plosive | ||
| | | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Sibilant fricative | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|z]] | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] | ||
| | |||
| | | [[w:Voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative|ʐ]] | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Non-sibilant fricative | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style="text-align: | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] | ||
| | | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Approximant | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | [[w:Voiceless alveolar approximant|ɹ]] | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Lateral approximant | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| style=" | | | ||
| | |||
| style=" | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="4" | Non-Pulmonic Consonants | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| colspan="2" | | |||
| Alveolar | |||
| Velar | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="background-color:#E391D3;" | Ejective | ||
| style="vertical-align: | | style="background-color:#E391D3;" | Stop | ||
| style=" | | [[w:Alveolar ejective stop|tʼ]] | ||
| colspan="2" style=" | | [[w:Velar ejective stop|kʼ]] | ||
| style=" | |} | ||
| style=" | |||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | |- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | ||
| | ! colspan="4" | Affricates | ||
| style="vertical-align: | |- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | ||
| style="vertical-align: | | colspan="2" | | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | Alveolar | ||
| style="vertical-align: | | Postalveolar | ||
| | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="background-color:#E391D3;" | Pulmonic | ||
| style=" | | style="background-color:#E391D3;" | Sibilant | ||
| style="background-color:# | | style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:left;" | | ||
| | | [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|dʒ]] | ||
|- | |||
| style="background-color:#E391D3;" | Ejective | |||
| style="background-color:#E391D3;" | Central | |||
| style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center;" | [[w:Alveolar ejective affricate|tsʼ]] | |||
| style="vertical-align:bottom; text-align:left;" | | |||
|} | |||
* The sound /ʐ/ is presumed to always be followed by /ʌ/, when writing in puvalmja script the /ʌ/ is not denoted | |||
* The sound /dʒ/ is presumed to always be followed by /ɛ/, when writing in puvalmja script the /ɛ/ is not denoted | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="9" | Vowels | |||
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;" | <br /> | |||
| colspan="2" | Front | |||
| colspan="2" | Front-Central | |||
| colspan="2" | Central | |||
| colspan="2" | Back | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Unrounded | |||
| Rounded | |||
| Unrounded | |||
| Rounded | |||
| Unrounded | |||
| Rounded | |||
| Unrounded | |||
| Rounded | |||
|- | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Close | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Near-Close | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]] | |||
| [[w:Near-close near-front rounded vowel|y]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Close-Mid | |||
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Mid | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| style="text-align:left;" | | |||
|- | |||
| style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Open-Mid | |||
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| style=" | | | ||
| [[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]] | |||
| style="text-align:left;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style=" | | style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#E391D3;" | Open | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] | ||
| style=" | | style="text-align:left;" | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
* Primary stress is placed on the initial syllable if it is hard. | |||
* Primary stress is placed on the ultimate syllable if the initial syllable is soft. | |||
* Primary stress is placed on the first hard syllable if the initial syllable is soft and the ultimate syllable is soft. | |||
* Primary stress is placed on the first long vowel soft syllable if there are no hard syllables. | |||
* Secondary stress is placed on syllables with 2 of the same constant. | |||
* Secondary stress is placed if a hard syllable follows a soft syllable if it is not primary already. | |||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
==Phonotactics== | |||
=== | ===Clusters=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E0B4;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background-color:#C6E0B4;" | ||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#E391D3;" | |- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#E391D3;" | ||
| Line 640: | Line 803: | ||
| style="text-decoration:underline; background-color:#E391D3; color:#0563C1;" | o | | style="text-decoration:underline; background-color:#E391D3; color:#0563C1;" | o | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oi | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oi | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oe | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oø̞ | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oɛ | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oɪ | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oy | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oɵ | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oo | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oʌ | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | | | style="vertical-align:bottom;" | oɑ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#E391D3;" | Open-Mid | | style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#E391D3;" | Open-Mid | ||
| Line 678: | Line 841: | ||
Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters. | Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters. | ||
===Syllables=== | |||
* Onset sounds: All Consonants except /kʼ/, all vowel sounds except /ɑɪ/. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted, except the vowel sound /ɪ/ (with few exceptions). | |||
* Nucleus sounds: All vowels, /v/, /l/, and /m/. | |||
* Coda sounds: All Consonants except /p/, all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted, unless the word had a suffix removed. | |||
===Romanization=== | |||
* For Pulmonic Consonants, ⟨p⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨ja⟩, ⟨f⟩, represent /p/, /v/, /m/, /d/, /ɹ/, /k/, /l/, /z/, /ʐ/, /f/. | |||
* For Ejectives, ⟨tʼ⟩, ⟨kʼ⟩, represent /t'/, /k'/ | |||
* For Africatives, ⟨ts'⟩, ⟨ge⟩, represent /ts'/ and /d̠ʒ/ | |||
* For Vowels, ⟨e⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨í⟩, represent /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ɵ/, /ø̞/, /ɪ/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /y/, /ɑɪ/. | |||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Derivational morphology== | |||
===Nominalization=== | |||
*Agent Nominalization - To change a verb to the agent nominalized form use the primary verb (dropping the "lz" infinitive ending) + the suffix "kaz" (meaning one who does). Ex, the verb "lekzferlz" (meaning to hunt) drops the "lz" and add "kaz". So the agent nominal form is "lekzferkaz" (meaning hunter). Example sentence, "Krét' lekzferkaz lekzferlz." (The hunter hunts). | |||
-- | ==Inflectional morphology== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="3" | Verb Endings | |||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Form | |||
| Latinized | |||
| Example | |||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
| Infinitive | |||
| lz | |||
| Merlz | |||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
| Present Continuous | |||
| it' | |||
| Merit' | |||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
| Past Perfect Animate | |||
| ké | |||
| Merké | |||
|- | |||
| Past Perfect Inanimate | |||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | dé | |||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | Merdé | |||
|- | |||
| Future Perfect Animate | |||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | ká | |||
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | Merká | |||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
| Future Perfect Inanimate | |||
| dá | |||
| Merdá | |||
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
| Interrogative | |||
| lt' | |||
| Merlt' | |||
|} | |||
===Cases=== | |||
Puhval has 4 cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. | |||
*Nominative - Standard case. Is not marked. Ex, "Vem" (Home) | |||
*Accusative - Used when noun is the direct object. To apply the accusative case add "as" as a suffix. Ex, "Vemas" | |||
*Dative - Used when noun is indirect object. To apply the dative case add "ví" as a suffix. Ex, "Vemví" | |||
*Genitive Alienable - Used to express possession when the possessive can be removed from possessor. To apply this case add "lek" as a suffix. Ex, "Mek vemaslek" (My home). | |||
*Genitive Inalienable - Used to express possession when the possessive can't be removed from possessor. To apply this case use the genitive pronouns or add "l" as a suffix to the possessor. Ex, "Mel zjaras" (My life). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Nominative Pronouns | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Subjective | |||
| Latinized | |||
|- | |||
| I | |||
| Mek | |||
|- | |||
| You | |||
| Vek | |||
|- | |||
| They/She/He | |||
| Ket'/T'emil/Adóil | |||
|- | |||
| We | |||
| Mevek | |||
|- | |||
| They | |||
| Ket'vat' | |||
|- | |||
| Plural You | |||
| Vekú | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Accusative Pronouns | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Subjective | |||
| Latinized | |||
|- | |||
| Me | |||
| Meas | |||
|- | |||
| You | |||
| Veas | |||
|- | |||
| Them/Her/Him | |||
| Ket's/T'ems/Adós | |||
|- | |||
| Us | |||
| Mevé | |||
|- | |||
| Them | |||
| Ket'vá | |||
|- | |||
| Plural You | |||
| Vekúé | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Dative Pronouns | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Subjective | |||
| Latinized | |||
|- | |||
| Me | |||
| Meví | |||
|- | |||
| You | |||
| Veví | |||
|- | |||
| Them/Her/Him | |||
| Ket'í/T'emí/Adóí | |||
|- | |||
| Us | |||
| Mevekí | |||
|- | |||
| Them | |||
| Ket'ví | |||
|- | |||
| Plural You | |||
| Vekúí | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Genitive Pronouns | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Subjective | |||
| Latinized | |||
|- | |||
| Mine | |||
| Mel | |||
|- | |||
| Yours | |||
| Vel | |||
|- | |||
| Theirs/Hers/His | |||
| Kem/T'emir/Adóim | |||
|- | |||
| Our | |||
| Mevel | |||
|- | |||
| Theirs | |||
| Ket'var | |||
|- | |||
| You all's | |||
| Vekúí | |||
|} | |||
===Plural Forms=== | |||
In Puhval there are 2 plural categories, numeral and paucal. | |||
*Numeral - The Numeral plural form tells you how many of something there is 1-5. It is created by adding the prefix(es) "Zék/Zák/Zók/Zúk/Zík" (Depending on number) to the noun or by using the numeral articles . Ex, "Zákrakav" (2 buildings) or "Krimzá rakav" (2 buildings). | |||
*Paucal - The Paucal plural form describes multiple/few/some of something. It is created by adding the prefix "lav" or using the plural articles "Krét'lav" or "Drét'lav (Depending on animacy). Ex, "lavkamat'" (People) or "Krét'lav kamat'" (People). | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="3" | Numeral Articles | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Meaning | |||
| Inanimate | |||
| Animate | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
| Drézé | |||
| Krézé | |||
|- | |||
| 2 | |||
| Drézá | |||
| Krézá | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| Drézó | |||
| Krézó | |||
|- | |||
| 4 | |||
| Drézú | |||
| Krézú | |||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| Drézík | |||
| Krézík | |||
|} | |||
===Affixes=== | |||
====Prefixes==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Prefixes | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Meaning | |||
| Latinized | |||
|- | |||
| Feminine/Freedom/Chaos | |||
| T'em | |||
|- | |||
| Masculine/Law/Order | |||
| Adó | |||
|- | |||
| Holy | |||
| Pet'r | |||
|- | |||
| One | |||
| Zék | |||
|- | |||
| Two | |||
| Zák | |||
|- | |||
| Three | |||
| Zók | |||
|- | |||
| Four | |||
| Zúk | |||
|- | |||
| Five | |||
| Zík | |||
|- | |||
| Many of | |||
| Lav | |||
|- | |||
|Not | |||
|Pí | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Suffixes | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Meaning | |||
| Latinized | |||
|- | |||
| One who does | |||
| Kaz | |||
|- | |||
| Home/Place of | |||
| Vem | |||
|- | |||
| One/Part of | |||
| Mja | |||
|- | |||
| Start of | |||
| T'ev | |||
|- | |||
| End of | |||
| Det' | |||
|- | |||
| State of | |||
| Mká | |||
|- | |||
| Color of | |||
| El | |||
|- | |||
| Adjective Form | |||
| Et' | |||
|- | |||
| Adverb Form | |||
| T'é | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
| Line 703: | Line 1,142: | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
==Tenses== | |||
===Past Tenses=== | |||
There are 2 past tenses in Puhval, past imperfective and pluperfect. | |||
* Past Imperfective - Used when the action was ongoing, repeated, and/or habitual in the past. To apply the past imperfective tense, add the helping verb "Kazlz" (To Do) in it's conjugated form, prior to the primary verb. Ex, "Mek kazl datʼem", (J'ai (helping verb 1st person form) parlé) or (I talked). | |||
* Pluperfect - Used when talking about a event in the past that has ended. To apply the pluperfect tense, add the helping verb "Kazlz" (To Do) in it's conjugated form, and add, to the primary verb, the suffix(es) "Ké" if the subject is animate or "Dé" if the subject is inanimate, dropping the "lz" infinitive suffix. Ex, "Vek jadas fadítʼev kazd jadlz, vek kazd fajaké", (Après tu avais bu d'eau, tu a dormi) or (After you drank water, you slept). | |||
===Present Tenses=== | |||
===Future Tenses=== | |||
==Clauses== | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
===Interrogative clauses=== | |||
*Polar Interrogative clause - To apply the Polar Interrogative clause push the main verb to the start of the sentence with tense and adverbs following and adjective before verb. Drop the "lz" and add "lt'" to the end of the primary verb. Ex, “Jadlt’ t’ek jad”, literally meaning “Drinking you water?” | |||
*Opinion Interrogative clause- To apply Opinion Interrogative clause use the word “Lldólt'’” before the subject. Ex, “Lldólt vek t'emú”, literally meaning “Feel you about mom?”. | |||
*Standard Interrogative clause- To apply an Interrogative clause use the “Vikúlt'” meaning being, followed by the determiner “Vk’á” meaning what, before the subject. If you want to ask for the time , follow “Vk’á” by “kret ddim”. To ask about a place, follow “Vk’á” by “kret vvem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret vfem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret kazlz”. Ex, “Vikúit’ vk’á kret vvem”, literally meaning “Being what the time?”. | |||
===Imperative clauses=== | |||
*Command Imperative clause - to apply the imperative clause, repeat the subject pronoun/noun. | |||
===Conditional clauses=== | |||
*Standard Conditional Clause - To apply the standard conditional clause add the prefix "ja" to the primary verb. Ex, "Kré pikó jazjardetʼitʼ" (A (Animate) bird is killed (Conditional, Present Continuous form)). | |||
==Noun Classes== | |||
===Determination of Class=== | |||
Nouns are split into 2 different categories being Animate and Inanimate. There are 3 reasons a noun is animate rather than inanimate, If it does not fit into any categories it is inanimate. | |||
1. It is living or once living. | |||
2. It is a place in which humans, animals, and/or spirits have inhabited in. | |||
3. It is related to time. Ex, "Ddim" (Time). | |||
====Noun Case Fluidity==== | |||
Nouns can change class to add additional meaning depending on context. | |||
*Inanimate to Animate - To imply importance and/or spiritual value to a noun. | |||
*Animate to Inanimate - To imply a place is untouched by living things (such as a new home), or to imply insult/hate to the noun. | |||
====Examples==== | |||
*"Kamat'" meaning person, is animate. Ex, "Krét Kamat' simv vikú" (The (animate definite) person good is.) | |||
*"Ómmék'" meaning Horse, is animate. Ex, "Krét' ómmék' fadí vikú" (The (animate definite) horse old is.) | |||
*"Ddim" meaning time, is animate. Ex, "Vikùlt vk'á krét ddim" (Is what the (animate definite) time?) | |||
*"Ts'emá" meaning table, would normally be inanimate, but say if it was in a family for generations, it could be considered animate. Ex, "Drét' ts'emá kat' vikú" (The (inanimate definite) table big is.) and "Krét' ts'emá kat' vikú." (The (animate definite) table big is.) | |||
===Articles=== | |||
Within Animate and Inanimate classes articles are split into three article types: Indefinite, Definite, and Definite Plural. | |||
*Indefinite - An article used when the noun is unspecific or being introduced | |||
*Definite - An article used when the noun is previously specified or is specific noun considered common knowledge | |||
*Definite Plural - An article used when the noun is previously specified or is specific noun considered common knowledge and plural | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;" | |||
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;" | |||
! colspan="2" | Articles | |||
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;" | |||
| Meaning | |||
| Latinized | |||
|- | |||
| Indefinite (Animate) | |||
| Kré | |||
|- | |||
| Definite (Animate) | |||
| Krét' | |||
|- | |||
| Definite (Animate Plural) | |||
| Krét'lav | |||
|- | |||
| Indefinite (Non-Animate) | |||
| Dré | |||
|- | |||
| Definite (Non-Animate) | |||
| Drét' | |||
|- | |||
| Definite (Non-Animate Plural) | |||
| Drét'lav | |||
|} | |||
====Examples==== | |||
*"Kré" Indefinite Animate Article. Ex, "Kré ómmék revalz" (A horse runs.) | |||
*"Krét'" Definite Animate Article. Ex, "Krét adókvem kat' vikú" (The castle big is.) | |||
*"Krét'lav" Definite Animate Plural Article. Ex, "Krét'lav ts'ák'á mefó merlz" (The goats grass eat.) | |||
*"Dré" Indefinite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Dré prekát'at' felt'é vikú" (A poem here is.) | |||
*"Drét'" Definite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Drét' preká simv vikú" (The art good is.) | |||
*"Drét'lav'" Definite Inanimate Plural Article. Ex, "Mek dét'lav zamé pet'malz" (I the bags made.) | |||
==Affirmation and Negation== | |||
===Affirmation=== | |||
===Negation=== | |||
Basic negation can be done through 2 forms, auxiliary verb and prefix. | |||
*Auxiliary Verb Method - Use the auxiliary verb Pík'alz | |||
*Prefix Method - Apply the prefix "Pí" to the primary verb. Ex, "Mek Pít'akrémerlz" (I not cooking) | |||
==Numeral System== | |||
===Base System=== | |||
The Puval Adógekerm (Puval Number system) is a base 5 system. | |||
==Lexicon== | |||
[[Puhval Lexicon]] | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||