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Puhval (view source)

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| boxsize          = 22em
| boxsize          = 22em
| name              = Puval
| name              = Puhval
| altname          = Also known as "Puhval"
| altname          = Also known as "Puval"
| nativename        =  
| nativename        =  
| acceptance        =  
| acceptance        =  
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| imagecaption      = Puval in Puvalmja script
| imagecaption      = Puval in Puvalmja script
| imageheader      = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column)
| imageheader      = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column)
| pronunciation    = pɵ.vʌl
| pronunciation    = pɵ.ˈvʌl
| pronunciation_key = pronunciation key of the languages; defaults to Help:IPA
| pronunciation_key = pronunciation key of the languages; defaults to Help:IPA
| creator          = User: Toastghost
| creator          = User: Toastghost
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| setting          = setting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.)
| setting          = setting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.)
| states            = real or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=)
| states            = real or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=)
| ethnicity        = people for whom this is the ethnically native language; also good for the ethnic population if different from the number of speakers
| ethnicity        = Puhvalkamal
                      (although the names chosen for the articles on the people and on the language will generally be the same, it may be appropriate to
                      pipe in the native name of the people here)
| extinct          = date of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display
| extinct          = date of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display
| era              = era of historical use; speakers will not display
| era              = era of historical use; speakers will not display
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===Inspiration===
 
Puval was inspired by French, German, English, and Arabic


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
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-->
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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
[[File:Puhval Consonant Characters.png|frameless]]
Puhval has 17 letters, 12 consonants and 5 vowels with 25 unique sounds. There are 2 accent marks
 
[[File:Puhval Consonants.png|frameless]]


[[File:Puhval Vowel Characters .png|frameless]]
[[File:Puhval Vowels.png|frameless]]


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#D9D9D9;"
|- style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#D9D9D9;"
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
* Primary stress is placed on the initial syllable if it is hard.
* Primary stress is placed on the ultimate syllable if the initial syllable is soft.
* Primary stress is placed on the first hard syllable if the initial syllable is soft and the ultimate syllable is soft.
* Primary stress is placed on the first long vowel soft syllable if there are no hard syllables.
* Secondary stress is placed on syllables with 2 of the same constant.
* Secondary stress is placed if a hard syllable follows a soft syllable if it is not primary already.
====Intonation====
====Intonation====


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
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===Syllables===
===Syllables===


* Onset sounds: All Consonants except /kʼ/, all vowel sounds except /ɑɪ/. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted, except the vowel sound /ɪ/ (except in the word “Adó”).
* Onset sounds: All Consonants except /kʼ/, all vowel sounds except /ɑɪ/. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted, except the vowel sound /ɪ/ (with few exceptions).


* Nucleus sounds: All vowels, /v/, /l/, and /m/.
* Nucleus sounds: All vowels, /v/, /l/, and /m/.


* Coda sounds: All Consonants except /p/, all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted.
* Coda sounds: All Consonants except /p/, all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted, unless the word had a suffix removed.
===Stress===
# Primary stress is placed on the initial syllable if it is hard.
# Primary stress is placed on the ultimate syllable if the first syllable is soft
# Secondary stress is placed on syllables with 2 of the same constant.
# Secondary stress is placed if a hard syllable follows a soft syllable if it is not primary already.


===Romanization===
===Romanization===


* For Pulmonic Consonants, ⟨p⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨ja⟩, ⟨f⟩, represent /p/, /v/, /m/, /d/, /ɹ/, /k/, /l/, /z/, /ʐ/, /f/.
* For Pulmonic Consonants, ⟨p⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨ja⟩, ⟨f⟩, represent /p/, /v/, /m/, /d/, /ɹ/, /k/, /l/, /z/, /ʐ/, /f/.
* For Ejectives, ⟨tʼ⟩, ⟨kʼ⟩, represent /t'/, /k'/
* For Ejectives, ⟨tʼ⟩, ⟨kʼ⟩, represent /t'/, /k'/
* For Africatives, ⟨ts'⟩, ⟨ge⟩, represent /ts'/ and /d̠ʒ/
* For Africatives, ⟨ts'⟩, ⟨ge⟩, represent /ts'/ and /d̠ʒ/
* For Vowels, ⟨e⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨í⟩, represent /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ɵ/, /ø̞/, /ɪ/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /y/, /ɑɪ/.
* For Vowels, ⟨e⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨í⟩, represent /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ɵ/, /ø̞/, /ɪ/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /y/, /ɑɪ/.


===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
==Derivational morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
 
 
===Nominalization===


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
*Agent Nominalization - To change a verb to the agent nominalized form use the primary verb (dropping the "lz" infinitive ending) + the suffix "kaz" (meaning one who does). Ex, the verb "lekzferlz" (meaning to hunt) drops the "lz" and add "kaz". So the agent nominal form is "lekzferkaz" (meaning hunter). Example sentence, "Krét' lekzferkaz lekzferlz." (The hunter hunts).


Nouns
==Inflectional morphology==
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
===Derivational morphology===
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#D9D9D9;"
! colspan="3" | Verb  Endings
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#E391D3;"
| Form
| Latinized
| Example
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Infinitive
| lz
| Merlz
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Present Continuous
| it'
| Merit'
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  Past Perfect Animate
| ké
| Merké
|-
| Past Perfect Inanimate
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | dé
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | Merdé
|-
| Future Perfect Animate
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | ká
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | Merká
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Future Perfect Inanimate
| dá
| Merdá
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Interrogative
| lt'
| Merlt'
|}
===Cases===
Puhval has 4 cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive.
 
*Nominative - Standard case. Is not marked. Ex, "Vem" (Home)
 
*Accusative - Used when noun is the direct object. To apply the accusative case add "as" as a suffix. Ex, "Vemas"
 
*Dative - Used when noun is indirect object. To apply the dative case add "ví" as a suffix. Ex, "Vemví"
 
*Genitive Alienable - Used to express possession when the possessive can be removed from possessor. To apply this case add "lek" as a suffix. Ex, "Mek vemaslek" (My home).
 
*Genitive Inalienable - Used to express possession when the possessive can't be removed from possessor. To apply this case use the genitive pronouns or add "l" as a suffix to the possessor. Ex, "Mel zjaras" (My life).
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
! colspan="2" | Nominative Pronouns
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;"
| Subjective
| Latinized
|-
| I
| Mek
|-
| You
| Vek
|-
| They/She/He
| Ket'/T'emil/Adóil
|-
| We
| Mevek
|-
| They
| Ket'vat'
|-
| Plural  You
| Vekú
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
! colspan="2" | Accusative Pronouns
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;"
| Subjective
| Latinized
|-
| Me
| Meas
|-
| You
| Veas
|-
| Them/Her/Him
| Ket's/T'ems/Adós
|-
| Us
| Mevé
|-
| Them
| Ket'vá
|-
| Plural You
| Vekúé
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
! colspan="2" | Dative Pronouns
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;"
| Subjective
| Latinized
|-
| Me
| Meví
|-
| You
| Veví
|-
| Them/Her/Him
| Ket'í/T'emí/Adóí
|-
| Us
| Mevekí
|-
| Them
| Ket'ví
|-
| Plural You
| Vekúí
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
! colspan="2" | Genitive Pronouns
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;"
| Subjective
| Latinized
|-
| Mine
| Mel
|-
| Yours
| Vel
|-
| Theirs/Hers/His
| Kem/T'emir/Adóim
|-
| Our
| Mevel
|-
| Theirs
| Ket'var
|-
| You all's
| Vekúí
|}
 
===Plural Forms===
In Puhval there are 2 plural categories, numeral and paucal.
 
*Numeral - The Numeral plural form tells you how many of something there is 1-5. It is created by adding the prefix(es) "Zék/Zák/Zók/Zúk/Zík" (Depending on number) to the noun or by using the numeral articles . Ex, "Zákrakav" (2 buildings) or "Krimzá rakav" (2 buildings).
 
*Paucal - The Paucal plural form describes multiple/few/some of something. It is created by adding the prefix "lav" or using the plural articles "Krét'lav" or "Drét'lav (Depending on animacy). Ex, "lavkamat'" (People) or "Krét'lav kamat'" (People).
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
! colspan="3" | Numeral  Articles
|- style="background-color:#E391D3;"
| Meaning
| Inanimate
| Animate
|-
| 1
| Drézé
| Krézé
|-
| 2
| Drézá
| Krézá
|-
| 3
| Drézó
| Krézó
|-
| 4
| Drézú
| Krézú
|-
| 5
| Drézík
| Krézík
|}
 
===Affixes===
 
====Prefixes====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
|- style="background-color:#D9D9D9;"
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| Zík
| Zík
|-  
|-  
| Many of
| Lav
|-
|Not
|Not
|Pí
|Pí
|-
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| Color of
| Color of
| El
| El
|-
| Many of
| Lav
|-
|-
| Adjective Form
| Adjective Form
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| T'é
| T'é
|}
|}
===Nominalization===
*Agent Nominalization - To change a verb to the agent nominalized form use the primary verb (dropping the "lz" infinitive ending) + the suffix "kaz" (meaning one who does). Ex, the verb "lekzferlz" (meaning to hunt) drops the "lz" and add "kaz". So the agent nominal form is "lekzferkaz" (meaning hunter). Example sentence, "Krét' lekzferkaz lekzferlz." (The hunter hunts).
===Inflectional morphology===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#D9D9D9;"
! colspan="3" | Verb  Endings
|- style="vertical-align:bottom; background-color:#E391D3;"
| Form
| Latinized
| Example
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Infinitive
| lz
| Merlz
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Present Continuous
| it'
| Merit'
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
|  Past Perfect Animate
| ké
| Merké
|-
| Past Perfect Inanimate
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | dé
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | Merdé
|-
| Future Perfect Animate
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | ká
| style="vertical-align:bottom;" | Merká
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Future Perfect Inanimate
| dá
| Merdá
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
| Interrogative
| lt'
| Merlt'
|}
===Plural Forms===


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
==Tenses==
===Past Tenses===
There are 2 past tenses in Puhval, past imperfective and pluperfect.
* Past Imperfective - Used when the action was ongoing, repeated, and/or habitual in the past. To apply the past imperfective tense, add the helping verb "Kazlz" (To Do) in it's conjugated form, prior to the primary verb. Ex, "Mek kazl datʼem", (J'ai (helping verb 1st person form)  parlé) or (I talked).
* Pluperfect - Used when talking about a event in the past that has ended. To apply the pluperfect tense, add the helping verb "Kazlz" (To Do) in it's conjugated form, and add, to the primary verb, the suffix(es) "Ké" if the subject is animate or "Dé" if the subject is inanimate, dropping the "lz" infinitive suffix. Ex, "Vek jadas fadítʼev kazd jadlz, vek kazd fajaké", (Après tu avais bu d'eau, tu a dormi) or (After you drank water, you slept).
===Present Tenses===
===Future Tenses===


==Clauses==
==Clauses==
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*Polar Interrogative clause - To apply the Polar Interrogative clause push the main verb to the start of the sentence with tense and adverbs following and adjective before verb. Drop the "lz" and add "lt'" to the end of the primary verb. Ex, “Jadlt’ t’ek jad”, literally meaning “Drinking you water?”
*Polar Interrogative clause - To apply the Polar Interrogative clause push the main verb to the start of the sentence with tense and adverbs following and adjective before verb. Drop the "lz" and add "lt'" to the end of the primary verb. Ex, “Jadlt’ t’ek jad”, literally meaning “Drinking you water?”


*Opinion Interrogative clause- To apply Opinion Interrogative clause use the word “Llólt'’” before the subject. Ex, “Llólt vek t'emú”, literally meaning “Feel you about mom?”.
*Opinion Interrogative clause- To apply Opinion Interrogative clause use the word “Lldólt'’” before the subject. Ex, “Lldólt vek t'emú”, literally meaning “Feel you about mom?”.


*Standard Interrogative clause- To apply an Interrogative clause use the “Vikúlt'” meaning being, followed by the determiner “Vk’á” meaning what, before the subject. If you want to ask for the time , follow “Vk’á” by  “kret ddim”. To ask about a place, follow “Vk’á” by “kret vvem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret vfem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret kazlz”. Ex, “Vikúit’ vk’á kret vvem”, literally meaning “Being what the time?”.
*Standard Interrogative clause- To apply an Interrogative clause use the “Vikúlt'” meaning being, followed by the determiner “Vk’á” meaning what, before the subject. If you want to ask for the time , follow “Vk’á” by  “kret ddim”. To ask about a place, follow “Vk’á” by “kret vvem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret vfem”. To ask why, follow “Vk’á” by “dret kazlz”. Ex, “Vikúit’ vk’á kret vvem”, literally meaning “Being what the time?”.
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===Imperative clauses===
===Imperative clauses===
*Command Imperative clause - to apply the imperative clause, repeat the subject pronoun/noun.
*Command Imperative clause - to apply the imperative clause, repeat the subject pronoun/noun.
===Conditional clauses===
*Standard Conditional Clause - To apply the standard conditional clause add the prefix "ja" to the primary verb. Ex, "Kré pikó jazjardetʼitʼ" (A (Animate) bird is killed (Conditional, Present Continuous form)).
==Noun Classes==
==Noun Classes==




===Determination of Class===  
===Determination of Class===  
Nouns are split into 2 different categories being Animate and Inanimate. There are 4 reasons a noun is animate rather than inanimate, A it is living or once living, B is a place in which humans, animals, and/or spirits have inhabited in, C, it is related to time or d, the object has gained animacy though its experience.
Nouns are split into 2 different categories being Animate and Inanimate. There are 3 reasons a noun is animate rather than inanimate, If it does not fit into any categories it is inanimate.
 
1. It is living or once living.
 
2. It is a place in which humans, animals, and/or spirits have inhabited in.
 
3. It is related to time. Ex, "Ddim" (Time).
 
====Noun Case Fluidity====
Nouns can change class to add additional meaning depending on context.
 
*Inanimate to Animate - To imply importance and/or spiritual value to a noun.
 
*Animate to Inanimate - To imply a place is untouched by living things (such as a new home), or to imply insult/hate to the noun.  


====Examples====
====Examples====
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|-
|-
| Definite  (Non-Animate Plural)
| Definite  (Non-Animate Plural)
| Dét'lav
| Drét'lav
|}
|}
====Examples====
====Examples====
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*"Drét'" Definite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Drét' preká simv vikú" (The art good is.)
*"Drét'" Definite Inanimate Article. Ex, "Drét' preká simv vikú" (The art good is.)


*"Dét'lav'" Definite Inanimate Plural Article. Ex, "Mek dét'lav zamé pet'malz" (I the bags made.)
*"Drét'lav'" Definite Inanimate Plural Article. Ex, "Mek dét'lav zamé pet'malz" (I the bags made.)


==Affirmation and Negation==
==Affirmation and Negation==
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===Base System===
===Base System===
The Puval Adógekerm (Puval Number system) is a base 5 system.
The Puval Adógekerm (Puval Number system) is a base 5 system.
==Lexicon==
[[Puhval Lexicon]]
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing
Toastghost
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