Puhval

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants
	Labial			Coronal						Dorsal			Laryngeal
	Bi­labial	Labio­dental	Linguo­labial		Dental	Alveolar	Post­alveolar	Retro­flex	Palatal		Velar	Uvular	Pharyn­geal	Glottal
Nasal	m
Plosive	p					d					k
Sibilant fricative						z		ʐ
Non-sibilant fricative		f (and) v
Approximant						ɹ
Tap/flap
Trill
Lateral fricative
Lateral approximant						l
Lateral tap/flap

Non-Pulmonic Consonants
		Bi­labial	Labio­dental	Linguo­labial		Dental	Alveolar	Post­alveolar	Retro­flex	Palatal		Velar	Uvular	Pharyn­geal
Ejective	Stop						tʼ					kʼ
	Fricative
	Lateral fricative
Click	Tenuis
	Voiced
	Nasal
	Tenuis lateral
	Voiced lateral
	Nasal lateral
Implosive	Voiced
	Voiceless

Affricates
		Bi­labial	Labio­dental	Linguo­labial		Dental	Alveolar	Post­alveolar	Retro­flex	Palatal		Velar	Uvular	Epi­glottal	Glottal
Pulmonic	Sibilant							d̠ʒ
	Non-sibilant
	Lateral
Ejective	Central						tsʼ
	Lateral

Vowels

Vowels
	Front	Front-Central	Central	Back-Central	Back
Close	i
Near-Close		ɪ (and) ʏ
Close-Mid	e		ɵ		o
Mid	ø̞
Open-Mid	ɛ				ʌ
Near-Open
Open					ɑ

Phonotactics

Consonant Clusters
		Stops/Affricates							Fricatives					Nasals	Liquids
		d̠ʒ	tsʼ	k	p	d	kʼ	tʼ	v	f	ʐ	z	ʃ	m	ɹ	l
Stops/Affricates	d̠ʒ	d̠ʒd̠ʒ	d̠ʒtsʼ	d̠ʒk	d̠ʒp	d̠ʒd	d̠ʒkʼ	d̠ʒtʼ	d̠ʒv	d̠ʒf	d̠ʒʐ	d̠ʒz	d̠ʒ ʃ	d̠ʒm	d̠ʒɹ	d̠ʒl
	tsʼ	tsʼd̠ʒ	tsʼtsʼ	tsʼk	tsʼp	tsʼd	tsʼkʼ	tsʼtʼ	tsʼv	tsʼf	tsʼʐ	tsʼz	tsʼ ʃ	tsʼm	tsʼɹ	tsʼl
	k	k d̠ʒ	ktsʼ	kk	kp	kd	kkʼ	ktʼ	kv	kf	kʐ	kz	k ʃ	km	kɹ	kl
	p	pd̠ʒ	ptsʼ	pk	pp	pd	pkʼ	ptʼ	pv	pf	pʐ	pz	pʃ	pm	pɹ	pl
	d	dd̠ʒ	dtsʼ	dk	dp	dd	dkʼ	dtʼ	dv	df	dʐ	dz	dʃ	dm	dɹ	dl
	kʼ	kʼd̠ʒ	kʼtsʼ	kʼk	kʼp	kʼd	kʼkʼ	kʼtʼ	kʼv	kʼf	kʼʐ	kʼz	kʼʃ	kʼm	kʼɹ	kʼl
	tʼ	tʼd̠ʒ	tʼtsʼ	tʼk	tʼp	tʼd	tʼkʼ	tʼtʼ	tʼv	tʼf	tʼʐ	tʼz	tʼʃ	tʼm	tʼɹ	tʼl
Fricatives	v	vd̠ʒ	vtsʼ	vk	vp	vd	vkʼ	vtʼ	vv	vf	vʐ	vz	vʃ	vm	vɹ	vl
	f	fd̠ʒ	ftsʼ	fk	fp	fd	fkʼ	ftʼ	fv	ff	fʐ	fz	fʃ	fm	fɹ	fl
	ʐ	ʐd̠ʒ	ʐtsʼ	ʐk	ʐp	ʐd	ʐkʼ	ʐtʼ	ʐv	ʐf	ʐʐ	ʐz	ʐʃ	ʐm	ʐɹ	ʐl
	z	zd̠ʒ	ztsʼ	zk	zp	zd	zkʼ	ztʼ	zv	zf	zʐ	zz	zʃ	zm	zɹ	zl
	ʃ	ʃd̠ʒ	ʃtsʼ	ʃk	ʃp	ʃd	ʃkʼ	ʃtʼ	ʃv	ʃf	ʃʐ	ʃz	ʃʃ	ʃm	ʃɹ	ʃl
Nasals	m	md̠ʒ	mtsʼ	mk	mp	md	mkʼ	mtʼ	mv	mf	mʐ	mz	mʃ	mm	mɹ	ml
Liquids	ɹ	ɹd̠ʒ	ɹtsʼ	ɹk	ɹp	ɹd	ɹkʼ	ɹtʼ	ɹv	ɹf	ɹʐ	ɹz	ɹʃ	ɹm	ɹɹ	ɹl
	l	ld̠ʒ	ltsʼ	lk	lp	ld	lkʼ	ltʼ	lv	lf	lʐ	lz	lʃ	lm	lɹ	ll

Vowel Clusters
			Front				Front-Central		Central	Back
			Close	Close-Mid	Mid	Open-Mid	Near-Close		Close-Mid	Close	Open-Mid	Open
			i	e	ø̞	ɛ	ɪ	y	ɵ	o	ʌ	ɑ
Front	Close	i	ii	ie	iø̞	iɛ	iɪ	iy	iɵ	io	iʌ	iɑ
	Close-Mid	e	ei	ee	eø̞	eɛ	eɪ	ey	eɵ	eo	eʌ	eɑ
	Mid	ø̞	ø̞i	ø̞e	ø̞ø̞	ø̞ɛ	ø̞ɪ	ø̞y	ø̞ɵ	ø̞o	ø̞ʌ	ø̞ɑ
	Open-Mid	ɛ	ɛi	ɛe	ɛø̞	ɛɛ	ɛɪ	ɛy	ɛɵ	ɛo	ɛʌ	ɛɑ
Front-Central	Near-Close	ɪ	ɪi	ɪe	ɪø̞	ɪɛ	ɪɪ	ɪy	ɪɵ	ɪo	ɪʌ	ɪɑ
		y	yi	ye	yø̞	yɛ	yɪ	yy	yɵ	yo	yʌ	yɑ
Central	Close-Mid	ɵ	ɵi	ɵe	ɵø̞	ɵɛ	ɵɪ	ɵy	ɵɵ	ɵo	ɵʌ	ɵɑ
Back	Close	o	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi	oi
	Open-Mid	ʌ	ʌi	ʌe	ʌø̞	ʌɛ	ʌɪ	ʌy	ʌɵ	ʌo	ʌʌ	ʌɑ
	Open	ɑ	ɑi	ɑe	ɑø̞	ɑɛ	ɑɪ	ɑy	ɑɵ	ʌo	ɑʌ	ɑɑ

Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.

Syntax

Constituent order

Subject Object Verb