Pulqer/History

• Analogical levelling of irregular forms or substitution by diminutives etc, e.g. auris > auricula > oricla.

Vulgar Latin Changes

The following changes were underway already in Vulgar Latin when it reached Jacques in 3rd century:

• Syncope of unstressed vowels adjacent to glides, e.g. solidus > soldus.
• Change of prevocalic /e, i/ > /j/, e.g. filia > filja.
• Merger of /b, w/ as allophonic /b ~ β/, e.g. vivo > bibo.
• Loss of h, e.g. hominem > ominem.
• Loss of final consonants, e.g. mūrum > mūru.
• Assimilation of ns > s with compensatory lengthening, e.g. mensa > mēsa > mesa
• Loss of vowel quantity
• Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ratione > ratsjone
• Palatalisation of c, g before i, e.g. cippus > tsippu

Old Pulqer Changes

A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.

• High mid vowels (/e, o/ merge with high vowels, e.g. mesa > misa
• Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. cadere > khatere
  • b ~ β > p > ph (except βC > uc
  • d > t > th
  • g > k > kh
  • qu > qh
• Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. octō > uttu
  • mn > nn
  • ct > tt
  • x /ks/ > ss
• Prothesis before word-initial r- or sC-, e.g. rẹge > arieke, stella > astella

The following are later developments within OP.

• Stressed open vowels are lengthened, e.g. car'tate > kharttaette
  • a > ae
  • e > ei
  • i > ie
  • u > ue
• All other unstressed vowels lost, wherever possible, e.g. omine > unne
• Syllabic liquids ḷ, ṛ develop between other consonants, e.g. sacramentum > sakhṛmentu

rota > rauta otto > attu aurum > aarum >