Pulqer/Old Pulqer: Difference between revisions

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* Plosives and fricatives may not occur as geminates.
* Plosives and fricatives may not occur as geminates.
* Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. ''nn, rr'' etc.
* Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. ''nn, rr'' etc.
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Nouns are marked for gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and case (Nominative-Accusative or Genitive-Dative). These are marked on the noun with suffixes according to three declensions:
: '''1. A-Stems (feminine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''filtśa'' "daughter"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| filtśa
| filtśe
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| filtśe
| filtśi
|}
: '''2. U-Stems (masculine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''mueru'' "wall"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| mueru
| rowspan="2;" | mueri
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| mueri
|}
: '''3. Consonant Stems (masculine & feminine)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3;" | ''ifante'' "baby"
|-
! style="width: 100px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 100px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc.
| ifante
| ifanti
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ifanti
| ifantu
|}
===Articles===
There are both definite (''isu'') and indefinite (''unu'') articles, declined in much the same way as nouns and agreeing in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify. ''Unu'' occurs only in the singular.
: '''''isu'' (definite article)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
! colspan="2;" | Masculine
! colspan="2;" | Feminine
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Pl.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''isu''
| rowspan="2; | ''isi
| ''isa''
| ''ise''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''isi''
| ''ise''
| ''isi''
|}
Examples:
* ''isu unne'' "the man"
* ''isa filtśa te isi unni'' "the man's daughter"
* ''ise khatte'' "the cats"
: '''''unu'' (indefinite article)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px;" |
!  Masculine
!  Feminine
|-
!
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
! style="width: 70px;" | Sing.
|-
! Nom-Acc
| ''unu''
| ''una''
|-
! Gen-Dat.
| ''uni''
| ''une''
|}
Examples:
* ''unu unne'' "a man"
* ''at une khase'' "to a house"
* ''una arpre'' "a tree"

Revision as of 20:49, 11 May 2019

Old Pulqer (Pul. Pulkaeri) is a Romance language spoken between approximately the 3rd and 10th centuries AD in the island of Jaques (Pul. Tśaqa).

Phonology and Orthography

Vowels

Front Back
Close i(ː) u(ː)
Open-mid ɛ
Open a

The high vowels /i, u/ are long in stressed open syllables, when followed by a single consonant + vowel (e.g. muru /muːru/), and they are short in all other environments. The low vowels /a, ɛ/ are always short (their long variants are diphthongised to /ae, ei/).

The following diphthongs also occur: /ae, ai, au, ei, ui/.

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Velar
Plain Labial
Nasal m /m/ n /n/
Plosive Aspirated ph, pp /pʰ/ th, tt /tʰ/ kh, kk /kʰ/ qh, qq /kʷʰ/
Unaspirated p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ q /kʷ/
Fricative f /ɸ/ s /s/ ś /ʃ/
Affricate ts /t͡s/ /t͡ʃ/
Trill r /r/
Lateral app. l /l/

Notes:

  • The aspirated plosives are written ph, th etc word-initially and pp, tt etc medially.
  • Plosives and fricatives may not occur as geminates.
  • Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. nn, rr etc.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are marked for gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and case (Nominative-Accusative or Genitive-Dative). These are marked on the noun with suffixes according to three declensions:

1. A-Stems (feminine)
filtśa "daughter"
Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc. filtśa filtśe
Gen-Dat. filtśe filtśi


2. U-Stems (masculine)
mueru "wall"
Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc. mueru mueri
Gen-Dat. mueri


3. Consonant Stems (masculine & feminine)
ifante "baby"
Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc. ifante ifanti
Gen-Dat. ifanti ifantu

Articles

There are both definite (isu) and indefinite (unu) articles, declined in much the same way as nouns and agreeing in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify. Unu occurs only in the singular.

isu (definite article)
Masculine Feminine
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc isu isi isa ise
Gen-Dat. isi ise isi

Examples:

  • isu unne "the man"
  • isa filtśa te isi unni "the man's daughter"
  • ise khatte "the cats"
unu (indefinite article)
Masculine Feminine
Sing. Sing.
Nom-Acc unu una
Gen-Dat. uni une

Examples:

  • unu unne "a man"
  • at une khase "to a house"
  • una arpre "a tree"