Pulqer/Old Pulqer: Difference between revisions

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* ''at une khaese'' "to a house"
* ''at une khaese'' "to a house"
* ''una arpre'' "a tree"
* ''una arpre'' "a tree"
==Vocabulary==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! English !! Old Pulqer
|-
| style="width: 120px;" | '''before'''
| style="width: 400px;" |  ''ante''
|-
| '''to'''
| ''at''
|-
| '''action''' || ''attsune'', f.
|-
| '''act''' (n.) || ''attu'', m.
|-
| '''act''' (v) || ''aekre'', ''aek-''
|-
| '''other''' || ''altru''
|-
| '''love''' (v.) || ''amaere'', ''aem-''
|-
| '''friend''' || ''amiekka'', f., ''amiekku'', m.
|-
| '''year''' || ''annu'', m.
|-
| '''water''' || ''aqqa'', f.
|-
| '''tree''' || ''arpre'', f.
|-
| '''or''' || ''autt''
|-
| '''bath''' || ''pantśu'', m.
|-
| '''good, well''' (adv.) || ''peine''
|-
| '''arm''' || ''prattsu'', m.
|-
| '''good''' || ''puenu''
|-
| '''horse'''  || ''khapallu'', m.
|-
| '''fall''' || ''khatre'', ''khaet-''
|-
| ''dog'' || ''khaene'', m.
|-
| '''sing''' || ''khantaere'', ''khant-''
|-
| '''song''' || ''khantsune'', f.
|-
| '''house''' || (humble) ''khaesa'', f; (elite) ''tuemu'', m.
|-
| '''centre''' || ''khenttru'', m.
|-
| '''city''' || ''tsuttaette'', f.
|-
| '''start''' || ''khumintsaere'', ''khumints-''
|-
| '''count''' || ''khuntaere'', ''khunt-''
|-
| '''heart''' || ''khure'', m.
|-
| '''body''' || ''khurpu'', m.
|-
| '''believe''' || ''khretre'', ''khreit-''
|-
| '''belief''' || ''khretentsa'', f.
|-
| '''with''' || ''khun''
|-
| '''of''' || ''te''
|-
| '''owe''' || ''tipiere'', ''tiep-''
|-
| '''say''' || ''tiekre'', ''tiek-''
|-
| '''lady''' || ''tunna'', f.
|-
| '''lord''' || ''tunnu'', m.
|-
| '''I''' || ''tśu''
|-
| '''mare''' || ''eqqa'', f.
|-
| '''be''' || ''esre'' (irreg.)
|-
| '''and''' || ''ett''
|-
| '''speak''' || ''faplaere'', ''fapl-''
|-
| '''make''' || ''faekre'', ''faek-''
|-
| '''fact''' || ''fattu'', m.
|-
| '''happy''' || ''filiekke''
|-
| '''woman''' || ''finna'', f.
|-
| '''daughter''' || ''filtśa'', f.
|-
| '''son''' || ''filtśu'', m.
|-
| '''finish''' || ''finiere'', ''fien-''
|-
| '''flower''' || ''fluere'', m.
|-
| '''fire''' || ''fuekku'', m.
|-
| '''shape''' || ''furma'', f.
|-
| '''have''' || ''apiere'' (irreg.)
|-
| '''if''' || ''ukk''
|-
| '''today''' || ''utśe''
|-
| '''man''' || ''unne'', m.
|-
| '''already''' || ''tśa''
|-
| '''in''' || ''in'''
|-
| '''he''' || ''ise''
|-
| '''she''' || ''isa''
|-
| '''the''' || ''isu, isa''
|-
| '''work''' || ''lapuere'', m.
|-
| '''milk''' || ''latte'', m.
|-
| '''lake''' || ''laekku', m.
|-
| '''language''' || ''linqa'', f.
|-
| '''light''' (n.) || ''luekke'', f.
|-
| '''success''' || ''lukkru'', m.
|-
| '''beast, monster''' || ''lueppu'', m.
|-
| '''big''' || ''mantśu''
|-
| '''more''' || ''mai''
|-
| '''inn''' || ''maśune'', f.
|-
| '''hand''' || ''maenu'', m.
|-
| '''mother''' || ''mattre'', f.
|-
| '''me''' || ''me'' (acc.), ''mi'' (dat.)
|-
| '''less''' || ''manku''
|-
| '''recently''' || ''muetu''
|-
| '''wall''' || ''mueru'', m.
|-
| '''wife''' || ''multśeire'', f,
|-
| '''night''' || ''nutte'', f.
|-
| '''name''' || ''nunne'', m.
|-
| '''not''' || ''nun''
|-
| '''we, us''' || ''nu''
|-
| '''new''' || ''nuevu''
|-
| '''nothing''' || ''nulla''
|-
| '''father''' || ''phattre'', m.
|-
| '''skin''' || ''phelle'', f.
|-
| '''lose''' || ''phertre'', ''phert-''
|-
| '''stone''' || ''phettra'', f.
|-
| '''hair''' || ''phielu'', m.
|-
| '''rain''' || ''phrutśa'', f.
|-
| '''door''' || ''tśaena'', f.
|-
| '''gate''' || ''phurtta'', f.
|-
| '''for''' || ''phor''
|-
| '''than''' || ''qha''
|-
| '''which''' || ''qhaele''
|-
| '''when''' || ''qhantu''
|-
| '''how much''' || ''qhanttu''
|-
| '''seek''' || ''kheirre'', ''kheir-''
|-
| '''who''' || ''khi''
|-
| '''what''' || ''khit''
|-
| '''that''' || ''khut''
|-
| '''how''' || ''khumu''
|-
| '''reason''' || ''ratsune'', f.
|-
| '''blood''' || ''sanqine'', m.
|-
| '''know''' || ''astsiere''
|-
| '''write''' || ''askripre'', ''asckrip-''
|-
| '''sign''' || ''sintśu'', m.
|-
| '''hope''' || ''aspiraere'', ''aspier-''
|-
| '''above''' || ''supre''
|-
| '''late''' || ''tharte''
|-
| '''you''' || sg: ''thu'' (nom.), ''the'' (acc.), ''thi'' (dat.); pl: ''pu''
|-
| '''hold''' || ''theniere'', ''thein-''
|-
| '''time''' || ''themppu'', m.
|-
| '''land''' || ''therra'', f.
|-
| '''fear''' || ''thimre'', ''thiem-''
|-
| '''sad''' || ''thriste''
|-
| '''one''' || ''unu''
|-
| '''a, an''' || ''unu, una''
|-
| '''come''' || ''peniere'', ''pein-''
|-
| '''wind''' || ''pentu'', m.
|-
| '''word''' || ''perpu'', m.
|-
| '''truth''' || ''pirttaette'', f.
|-
| '''true''' || ''piru''
|-
| '''see''' || ''pitiere'', ''piet-''
|-
| '''live''' || ''piepre'', ''piep-''
|-
| '''voice''' || ''puekke'', f.
|}

Revision as of 09:09, 12 May 2019

Old Pulqer (Pul. Pulkaeri) is a Romance language spoken between approximately the 3rd and 10th centuries AD in the island of Jaques (Pul. Tśaqa).

Phonology and Orthography

Vowels

Front Back
Close i(ː) u(ː)
Open-mid ɛ
Open a

The high vowels /i, u/ are long in stressed open syllables, when followed by a single consonant + vowel (e.g. muru /muːru/), and they are short in all other environments. The low vowels /a, ɛ/ are always short (their long variants are diphthongised to /ae, ei/).

The following diphthongs also occur: /ae, ai, au, ei, ui/.

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Velar
Plain Labial
Nasal m /m/ n /n/
Plosive Aspirated ph, pp /pʰ/ th, tt /tʰ/ kh, kk /kʰ/ qh, qq /kʷʰ/
Unaspirated p /p/ t /t/ k /k/ q /kʷ/
Fricative f /ɸ/ s /s/ ś /ʃ/
Affricate ts /t͡s/ tś /t͡ʃ/
Trill r /r/
Lateral app. l /l/

Notes:

  • The aspirated plosives are written ph, th etc word-initially and pp, tt etc medially.
  • Plosives and fricatives may not occur as geminates.
  • Liquids (/n, m, l, r/) may be geminated and are written double, e.g. nn, rr etc.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are marked for gender (masculine or feminine), number (singular or plural) and case (Nominative-Accusative or Genitive-Dative). These are marked on the noun with suffixes according to three declensions:

1. A-Stems (feminine)
filtśa "daughter"
Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc. filtśa filtśe
Gen-Dat. filtśe filtśi


2. U-Stems (masculine)
mueru "wall"
Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc. mueru mueri
Gen-Dat. mueri


3. Consonant Stems (masculine & feminine)
ifante "baby"
Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc. ifante ifanti
Gen-Dat. ifanti ifantu

Articles

There are both definite (isu) and indefinite (unu) articles, declined in much the same way as nouns and agreeing in gender, number and case with the noun they qualify. Unu occurs only in the singular.

isu (definite article)
Masculine Feminine
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Nom-Acc isu isi isa ise
Gen-Dat. isi ise isi

Examples:

  • isu unne "the man"
  • isa filtśa te isi unni "the man's daughter"
  • ise khatte "the cats"
unu (indefinite article)
Masculine Feminine
Sing. Sing.
Nom-Acc unu una
Gen-Dat. uni une

Examples:

  • unu unne "a man"
  • at une khaese "to a house"
  • una arpre "a tree"

Vocabulary

English Old Pulqer
before ante
to at
action attsune, f.
act (n.) attu, m.
act (v) aekre, aek-
other altru
love (v.) amaere, aem-
friend amiekka, f., amiekku, m.
year annu, m.
water aqqa, f.
tree arpre, f.
or autt
bath pantśu, m.
good, well (adv.) peine
arm prattsu, m.
good puenu
horse khapallu, m.
fall khatre, khaet-
dog khaene, m.
sing khantaere, khant-
song khantsune, f.
house (humble) khaesa, f; (elite) tuemu, m.
centre khenttru, m.
city tsuttaette, f.
start khumintsaere, khumints-
count khuntaere, khunt-
heart khure, m.
body khurpu, m.
believe khretre, khreit-
belief khretentsa, f.
with khun
of te
owe tipiere, tiep-
say tiekre, tiek-
lady tunna, f.
lord tunnu, m.
I tśu
mare eqqa, f.
be esre (irreg.)
and ett
speak faplaere, fapl-
make faekre, faek-
fact fattu, m.
happy filiekke
woman finna, f.
daughter filtśa, f.
son filtśu, m.
finish finiere, fien-
flower fluere, m.
fire fuekku, m.
shape furma, f.
have apiere (irreg.)
if ukk
today utśe
man unne, m.
already tśa
in in'
he ise
she isa
the isu, isa
work lapuere, m.
milk latte, m.
lake laekku', m.
language linqa, f.
light (n.) luekke, f.
success lukkru, m.
beast, monster lueppu, m.
big mantśu
more mai
inn maśune, f.
hand maenu, m.
mother mattre, f.
me me (acc.), mi (dat.)
less manku
recently muetu
wall mueru, m.
wife multśeire, f,
night nutte, f.
name nunne, m.
not nun
we, us nu
new nuevu
nothing nulla
father phattre, m.
skin phelle, f.
lose phertre, phert-
stone phettra, f.
hair phielu, m.
rain phrutśa, f.
door tśaena, f.
gate phurtta, f.
for phor
than qha
which qhaele
when qhantu
how much qhanttu
seek kheirre, kheir-
who khi
what khit
that khut
how khumu
reason ratsune, f.
blood sanqine, m.
know astsiere
write askripre, asckrip-
sign sintśu, m.
hope aspiraere, aspier-
above supre
late tharte
you sg: thu (nom.), the (acc.), thi (dat.); pl: pu
hold theniere, thein-
time themppu, m.
land therra, f.
fear thimre, thiem-
sad thriste
one unu
a, an unu, una
come peniere, pein-
wind pentu, m.
word perpu, m.
truth pirttaette, f.
true piru
see pitiere, piet-
live piepre, piep-
voice puekke, f.
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