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Quame languages: Difference between revisions
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| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
|label1=Proto-Quame | |label1=Proto-Quame | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|label1= | |label1=Roshtero-[[Talmic]] | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|label1=[[Thensarian]] | |label1= | ||
Talmic ([[Thensarian]]) | |||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|label1=[[Tigol]] | |label1=[[Tigol]] | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|label1= | |label1=Anbiric | ||
|1={{clade | |1={{clade | ||
|1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean) | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Ciètic | |||
|2={{clade | |||
|1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin) | |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin) | ||
|2 | |2=[[Páuluòbeng]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| | |label3=Skellic | ||
| | |3={{clade | ||
|1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh) | |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh) | ||
|2=[[Loðagese]] | |2=[[Loðagese]] | ||
| Line 55: | Line 59: | ||
|1=[[Tizian]] | |1=[[Tizian]] | ||
|2=[[Atzopic]] | |2=[[Atzopic]] | ||
|3=[[Whetmer]] | |3=[[Xaetjeon]] | ||
|4=[[Whetmer]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
|label3= | |label3=[[Bonzic]] | ||
|3=[[Aewedanoan]] | |3=[[Bonzic]] | ||
|label4= | |||
|4=[[Aewedanoan]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 73: | Line 80: | ||
! rowspan="2" |Labial | ! rowspan="2" |Labial | ||
! rowspan="2" |Dental | ! rowspan="2" |Dental | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" |Alveolar | ||
! rowspan="2" |Palatal | ! rowspan="2" |Palatal | ||
! colspan="2" |Velar | ! colspan="2" |Velar | ||
| Line 97: | Line 104: | ||
! |<small>plain</small> | ! |<small>plain</small> | ||
| '''*p''' | | '''*p''' | ||
| '''*c''' | |||
| '''*t''' | | '''*t''' | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*k''' | | '''*k''' | ||
| Line 108: | Line 115: | ||
! |<small>ejective</small> | ! |<small>ejective</small> | ||
| '''*pʼ''' | | '''*pʼ''' | ||
| '''*cʼ''' | |||
| '''*tʼ''' | | '''*tʼ''' | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*kʼ''' | | '''*kʼ''' | ||
| Line 119: | Line 126: | ||
! |<small>voiced</small> | ! |<small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''*b''' | | '''*b''' | ||
| '''*z''' | |||
| '''*d''' | | '''*d''' | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*g''' | | '''*g''' | ||
| Line 230: | Line 237: | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nouns and adjectives had: | Nouns and adjectives had: | ||
* | * three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter | ||
* two states: absolute and construct. | * two states: absolute and construct. | ||
* three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive. | * three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive. | ||
* two numbers: singular and plural. | ** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings. | ||
* two numbers: singular and plural. | |||
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes. | |||
Possible declensions: | Possible declensions: | ||
| Line 284: | Line 290: | ||
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti | -ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti | ||
== | ==Derivations== | ||
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle | |||
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns | |||
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives | |||
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]] | [[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]] | ||