Quame languages: Difference between revisions

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                 |label1=[[Tigol]]  
                 |label1=[[Tigol]]  
                 |1={{clade
                 |1={{clade
                       |label1=West Tigolic
                       |label1=Anbiric
                       |1={{clade
                       |1={{clade
                          |1=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
                        }}
                      |label2=Ciètic
                      |2={{clade
                           |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
                           |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
                           |2=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
                           |2=[[Páuluòbeng]]
                          |3=[[Páuluòbeng]]
                         }}
                         }}
                       |label2=East Tigolic
                       |label3=Skellic
                       |2={{clade
                       |3={{clade
                           |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
                           |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
                           |2=[[Loðagese]]  
                           |2=[[Loðagese]]  
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             |1=[[Tizian]]
             |1=[[Tizian]]
             |2=[[Atzopic]]
             |2=[[Atzopic]]
             |3=[[Whetmer]]
             |3=[[Xaetjeon]]
            |4=[[Whetmer]]
           }}
           }}
       |label3=
       |label3=[[Bonzic]]
       |3=[[Aewedanoan]]
       |3=[[Bonzic]]
      |label4=
      |4=[[Aewedanoan]]
     }}
     }}
}}
}}
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! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Velar
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! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''*p'''
| '''*p'''
| '''*c'''
| '''*t'''
| '''*t'''
| '''*ṭ'''
|  
|  
| '''*k'''
| '''*k'''
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! |<small>ejective</small>
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*pʼ'''
| '''*cʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*ṭʼ'''
|  
|  
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʼ'''
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! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''*b'''
| '''*b'''
| '''*z'''
| '''*d'''
| '''*d'''
| '''*ḍ'''
|  
|  
| '''*g'''
| '''*g'''
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===Nominals===
===Nominals===
Nouns and adjectives had:
Nouns and adjectives had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
* three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* two states: absolute and construct.  
* two states: absolute and construct.  
* three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive.
* three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
** Some speculate that Proto-Quame originally had an intransitive-transitive alignment. The nominative and accusative may have originally been intransitive and transitive cases respectively, since stative verbs in the 3rd person singular have nominative endings, while eventive verbs in the 3rd person singular have endings similar to accusative endings.
 
* two numbers: singular and plural.  
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.
** Some nouns had broken plurals formed by reduplicating of the first syllable or using a different ablaut grade. The broken plural used singular affixes.


Possible declensions:
Possible declensions:
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-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti


==References==
==Derivations==
{{reflist}}
*''-tl-, -tlom'' = agent, instrument, participle
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer from nouns
*''-ye-, -i-'' = verbalizer from adjectives
 


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
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