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SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions
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[[SamSkandinavisk]] adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness. | |||
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension. | Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension. | ||
== Indefinite Paradigm: == | == Indefinite Paradigm: == | ||
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== Definite Paradigm: == | == Definite Paradigm: == | ||
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners. | This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners. | ||
When definite, all adjectives end in -e. | When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''.<br> | ||
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house | |||
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle. | Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.''<br> | ||
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords. | |||
== Comparative == | Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.''<br> | ||
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este. | |||
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. | Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.''<br> | ||
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker. | |||
Vredere jätter = angrier giants. | == Comparative and Superlative == | ||
== Superlative == | Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.'''<br> | ||
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. | |||
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns. | === Comparative === | ||
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest | The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.<br> | ||
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne | |||
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords. | Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.''<br> | ||
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. | |||
Det störste hus = the biggest house | '''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.''<br> | ||
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle | |||
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords. | === Superlative === | ||
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. | The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.<br> | ||
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst. | |||
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. | In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns.<br> | ||
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. | |||
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst | Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.'''''<br> | ||
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.''<br> | |||
Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.''<br> | |||
<br> | |||
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.<br> | |||
Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.''<br> | |||
Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.''<br> | |||
De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.''<br> | |||
=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative === | |||
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. <br> | |||
For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''.<br> | |||
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.<br> | |||
For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. <br> | |||
'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst''' | |||
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives == | == Past participle of verbs used as adjectives == | ||
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. | Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.<br> | ||
Weak Verbs | |||
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled) | === Weak Verbs === | ||
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de | ==== Indefinite: ==== | ||
Tendede ljus = lit candles | The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled)<br> | ||
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense. | |||
Strong Verbs: | ==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ==== | ||
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled) | The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. <br> | ||
Indefinite Singular: | |||
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns | '''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' <br> | ||
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato | |||
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account. | Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.'' | ||
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. | |||
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple. | === Strong Verbs: === | ||
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment. | eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled) | ||
Indefinite plural and Definite: | ==== Indefinite Singular: ==== | ||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene. | The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. <br> | ||
Skorene potater. = | |||
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account. | En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.''<br> | ||
En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.''<br> | |||
<br> | |||
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.<br> | |||
Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''<br> | |||
Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.'' | |||
==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ==== | |||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.'''<br> | |||
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''<br> | |||
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.'' | |||
== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives == | |||
The present participle of verbs end in '''-ende.''' When used as an adjective, present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness<br> | |||
Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.''<br> | |||
En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker''<br> | |||
De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.'' | |||
== Adjectives ending in -en == | == Adjectives ending in -en == | ||
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten)<br> | e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten)<br> | ||
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)<br> | These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)<br> | ||
<br> | |||
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' <br> | Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' <br> | ||
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En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' <br> | En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' <br> | ||
<br> | |||
Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et'''<br> | Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et'''<br> | ||
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Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.''<br> | Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.''<br> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.'''<br> | Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.'''<br> | ||
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De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.''<br> | De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.''<br> | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
Adverbs end in '''-et''' <br> | Adverbs end in '''-et''' <br> | ||
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== Adverbs from Adjectives == | == Adverbs from Adjectives == | ||
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. | Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.<br> | ||
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly. | |||
There are some exceptions to this rule. | Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.''<br> | ||
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb | |||
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly | There are some exceptions to this rule.<br> | ||
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs. | |||
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly. | === Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' === | ||
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix. | These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb.<br> | ||
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly. | |||
Past Participles used as Adverbs. | Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly'''''<br> | ||
This is the same as the supine. | === Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. === | ||
Adjectives ending -d | These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs.<br> | ||
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also. | |||
Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.'' | |||
=== Present Participles used as an adverb === | |||
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix.<br> | |||
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.''<br> | |||
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. === | |||
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''.<br> | |||
This is the same as the supine.<br> | |||
=== Adjectives ending -d === | |||
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also. | |||
[[Category:Samskandinavisk]] | |||