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SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions
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Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- | [[SamSkandinavisk]] adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness. | ||
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension. | |||
== Indefinite Paradigm: == | |||
=== Adjectives in the attributive position. === | |||
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br> | |||
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. <br> | |||
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending.<br> | |||
= | Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br> | ||
Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.''<br> | |||
Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br> | |||
=== Adjectives in the predicative position. === | |||
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br> | |||
Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.''<br> | |||
= | Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.''<br> | ||
Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.''<br> | |||
Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.''<br> | |||
Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.''<br> | |||
Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.''<br> | |||
== Definite Paradigm: == | |||
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners. | |||
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''.<br> | |||
Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.''<br> | |||
Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.''<br> | |||
Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.''<br> | |||
== Comparative and Superlative == | |||
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.'''<br> | |||
=== Comparative === | |||
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.<br> | |||
Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.''<br> | |||
''' | '''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.''<br> | ||
=== Superlative === | |||
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.<br> | |||
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns.<br> | |||
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.'''''<br> | |||
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.''<br> | |||
Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.''<br> | |||
<br> | |||
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.<br> | |||
''' | Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.''<br> | ||
Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.''<br> | |||
De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.''<br> | |||
=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative === | |||
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. <br> | |||
For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''.<br> | |||
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.<br> | |||
For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. <br> | |||
''' | '''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst''' | ||
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives == | |||
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.<br> | |||
=== Weak Verbs === | |||
==== Indefinite: ==== | |||
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled)<br> | |||
Indefinite Plural and Definite: | ==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ==== | ||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. <br> | |||
''' | '''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' <br> | ||
Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.'' | |||
=== Strong Verbs: === | |||
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled) | |||
==== Indefinite Singular: ==== | |||
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. <br> | |||
En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.''<br> | |||
''' | En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.''<br> | ||
<br> | |||
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.<br> | |||
Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''<br> | |||
= | Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.'' | ||
==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ==== | |||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.'''<br> | |||
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''<br> | |||
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.'' | |||
== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives == | |||
The present participle of verbs end in '''-ende.''' When used as an adjective, present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness<br> | |||
Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.''<br> | |||
En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker''<br> | |||
De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.'' | |||
== Adjectives ending in -en == | |||
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten)<br> | |||
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)<br> | |||
<br> | |||
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' <br> | |||
En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey''<br> | |||
En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.''<br> | |||
= | En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' <br> | ||
<br> | |||
Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et'''<br> | |||
Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' <br> | |||
Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.''<br> | |||
Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.''<br> | |||
<br> | |||
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.'''<br> | |||
'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.''<br> | |||
Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' <br> | |||
= | De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.''<br> | ||
<br> | |||
Adverbs end in '''-et''' <br> | |||
Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.''<br> | |||
Add '''-e''' for definite. eg '''brede''' | Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' <br> | ||
De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.'' | |||
== Adjectives ending in -d == | |||
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent.<br> | |||
Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede''' | |||
== Adverbs from Adjectives == | |||
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.<br> | |||
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.''<br> | |||
There are some exceptions to this rule.<br> | |||
=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' === | |||
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb.<br> | |||
Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly'''''<br> | |||
=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. === | |||
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs.<br> | |||
Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.'' | |||
=== Present Participles used as an adverb === | |||
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix.<br> | |||
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.''<br> | |||
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. === | |||
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''.<br> | |||
This is the same as the supine.<br> | |||
=== Adjectives ending -d === | |||
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also. | |||
[[Category:Samskandinavisk]] | |||