View source for Solresol

{{short description|Constructed language}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Original research|date=March 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Solresol
|nativename=Solfège: Sol-Re-Sol
|image=Sol-resol.png
|imagesize=200px
|created=1827
|creator=[[François Sudre]]
|fam1 = [[constructed language]]s
|fam2 = [[A priori (languages)|a priori]]; [[International auxiliary language|IAL/LAI]]
|fam3 = [[musical language]]
|posteriori = [[A priori (languages)|a priori]]
|script = Solresol script; [[Solfège]]; [[Musical notation]]; [[Color spectrum]]
|sign = Signed staff notation; [[Tonic sol-fa]] signs by [[John Curwen]]
|iso3 = none
|glotto=none
}}

'''Solresol''' ([[Solfège]]: [[G (musical note)|Sol]]-[[D (musical note)|Re]]-[[G (musical note)|Sol]]), originally called '''Langue universelle''' and then '''Langue musicale universelle''', is a [[constructed language]] devised by [[François Sudre]], beginning in 1827. His major book on it, ''Langue Musicale Universelle'', was published after his death in 1866,<ref name="Original Publication Scan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ifost.org.au/~gregb/solresol/sudre-book.pdf|title=Scanned copy of F. Sudre's original 'Langue Musicale Universelle' publication}}</ref> though he had already been publicizing it for some years. Solresol enjoyed a brief spell of popularity, reaching its pinnacle with [[Boleslas Gajewski]]'s 1902 publication of ''Grammaire du Solresol''. An [[ISO 639-3]] language code had been requested on 28 July 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sidosi.org/community/viewtopic.php?t=310|title=The Road to ISO 639-3 - Sidosi|website=www.sidosi.org|access-date=22 October 2018}}</ref> but was rejected on 1 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sidosi.org/community/viewtopic.php?t=350|title=Beyond ISO 639-3 (for now) - Sidosi|website=www.sidosi.org|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>

Today, there exist small communities of Solresol enthusiasts scattered across the world.<ref>{{URL|http://www.sidosi.org}}</ref>

== Sudre or Gajewski ==
There are multiple versions of Solresol, and they each have minor differences. Currently, there are three small variations on the language, each of which mostly edit vocabulary and a small amount of the grammar.

Sudre created the language, and thus his version deserves the title of being the original version of Solresol.

Vincent Gajewski popularised the language as the president of the Central committee for the study and advancement of Solresol, founded by Madame Sudre. Boleslas Gajewski, the son of Vincent, published the Grammar of Solresol.<ref name="Grammar of Solresol PDF">{{cite web |url=https://i.sidosi.org/resources/grammar-of-solresol-bigham/grammar-of-solresol-bigham.pdf |website=Sidosi |access-date=16 December 2019 |title=Grammar of Solresol PDF}}</ref> This is the most publicised version of Solresol, thanks to the translation to English by Stephen L. Rice from 1997,{{r|"Grammar of Solresol PDF"}}{{r|"Grammar of Solresol"}} with a chunk of the vocabulary changed from the original, as well as some of the grammar. One example is the word ''fasol'', defined as "here" in Sudre's dictionary, but "why?" in Gajewski's. 

The third is an unofficial version developed over time by the community, dubbed "Modern Solresol". It uses Sudre's version as a base, with tweaks to the grammar and vocabulary, such as changing the definitions of ''sisol'' and ''sila'' from meaning "Sir" and "Young man", to an honourifics system inspired by what is used in Japanese; both are gender-neutral titles, one to be respectful, and one to be affectionate.<ref name="Modern Solresol Dictionary">{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/182okssrHseIggjHGlzWyFH81-o8y8EsvQtJfPJYu6r8/edit?usp=sharing |website=Google Sheets |access-date=22 December 2019 |title=Modern Solresol Dictionary}}</ref>

Gajewski's publication brought various additions that don't conflict with the original version of the language, such as various new methods of communication, including: a set of symbols, using the seven colours of the rainbow, using [[Tonic sol-fa]] to sign the language, and more.{{r|"Grammar of Solresol PDF"|p=16}}

== Phonology ==
[[File:Solresol representations.svg|thumb|right|The seven conventional notes, colors, syllables, numerals, and glyphs used to convey solresol phonemes.]]
Solresol can be communicated by using any seven distinct items, with a maximum of five per word. The main method of communication is by using the seven [[solfège]] syllables (a form of [[solmization]]), which may be accented, lengthened or repeated. The simplest way to use these syllables is to speak them as if they were regular [[syllable]]s.

Due to predating the [[International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]], there are no specific pronunciation rules beyond the standard readings of the solfège. Due to each syllable being fairly distinct, they may be pronounced in almost any way the reader prefers. Although the seventh note is more modernly pronounced as "Ti" in a lot of countries,<ref name="Wikipedia Solfege Major">{{cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge#Major|title=Wikipedia article on Solfege}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2020}} "Si" is still generally preferred within the Solresol community.

Sudre outlined a way of transcribing the phonetics of French (and thus many other languages) into Solresol, primarily used for proper nouns.{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=32}} Using common pronunciations as given by the likes of [[Wiktionary]], it is possible to reconstruct a table of sounds using the modern IPA.

Due to having few syllables, it is necessary to leave a brief pause between words so that each word remains clearly separate. As noted by Boleslas Gajewski: "one should take great care to pause after every word; this slight pause is necessary to separate the words, so that the listener does not become confused".{{r|"Grammar of Solresol"|p=Reversed meanings}}

== Vocabulary ==
In Solresol [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], each word is divided into categories of either meaning or function, where longer words are generally more specific. Words are differentiated by three main characteristics: the initial syllable, word length, and whether it has a pair of repeated syllables.

Words of syllable length 1 and 2 are used for pronouns and common particles, and those with repeated syllables are tenses.

Words of syllable length 3 are devoted to words used frequently (at the time of Solresol's creation).

Words of syllable length 4 fall into various themed categories. For example, words beginning with 'sol', which include no repeating syllables, have meanings related to [[art]]s or [[science]]s (e.g. soldoredo, "art"; solmiredo, "acoustic").{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=22.V}} However, if they have a pair of repeated syllables, their meanings relate to [[Disease|sickness]] or [[medicine]] (e.g. solsolredo, "migraine"; solreresol, "smallpox").{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=23.VI}}

By default, all animate nouns and pronouns imply that they are of male sex. To differentiate the female sex, you add a bar, [[hyphen]] or [[macron (diacritic)|macron]] to the final syllable of the corresponding article or the word itself. In speech, this is indicated by repeating the vowel of the syllable, with a [[glottal stop]] separating the repeated vowel from the rest of the word.{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=24}}

However, in modern translations, pronouns do not change depending on gender. Instead, they are simply translated into English as neutral pronouns; it and they.

A unique feature of Solresol is that meanings can be inverted by reversing the syllables in words. For instance ''fala'' means good or tasty, and ''lafa'' means bad. Interruptions in the logical order of words in each category are usually caused by these reversible words.{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=31.XXI}} However, not all words are reversible in this sense, such as ''dorefare'' meaning neck, and ''refaredo'' meaning wardrobe, which are obviously not opposites.

{{clear}}
The following table shows the words of up to two syllables from Gajewski's dictionary:

{| class="wikitable"
! First (below) and second (right) syllables
! ''No second syllable''
! style="background-color: red" | -do !! style="background-color: orange" | -re !! style="background-color: yellow" | -mi !! style="background-color: #00FF00" | -fa !! style="background-color: #00cccc" | -sol !! style="background-color:  #3399FF" | -la !! style="background-color: magenta" | -si/-ti
|-
! style="background-color: red" | Do-
|bgcolor=red| no, not, neither, nor ||bgcolor=red| (past) || I, me || you [sg] || he || self, oneself || one, someone || other
|-
! style="background-color: orange" | Re-
|bgcolor=orange| and, as well as || my, mine ||bgcolor=orange| (pluperfect) || your, yours [sg] || his || our, ours || your, yours [pl] || their
|-
! style="background-color: yellow"| Mi-
|  style="background-color: yellow"| or, or even || for, in order to/that || who, which (rel pron), that (conj) ||bgcolor=yellow| (future) || whose, of which || well (adv) || here/there is, behold || good evening/night
|-
!  style="background-color: #00FF00"| Fa-
|  style="background-color: #00FF00"| to || what? || with, jointly || this, that ||bgcolor=#00FF00| (conditional) || why, for what reason || good, tasty, delectable || much, very, extremely
|-
!  style="background-color: #00cccc"| Sol-
|  style="background-color: #00cccc"| if || but || in, within || wrong, ill (adv) || because ||bgcolor=#00cccc| (imperative) || perpetually, always, without end, without ceasing ||  thank, thanks
|-
!  style="background-color:  #3399FF"| La-
|  style="background-color:  #3399FF"| the || nothing, no one, nobody || by || here, there || bad || never, at no time ||bgcolor= #3399FF| (present participle) || of
|-
!  style="background-color: magenta"| Si-/Ti-
|  style="background-color: magenta"| yes, okay, gladly, agreed || the same (thing) || each, every || good morning/afternoon || little, scarcely || mister, sir || young man, bachelor ||bgcolor=magenta| (passive participle)
|}

==Grammar==
Apart from stress and length, Solresol words are not inflected. To keep sentences clear, especially with the possibility of information loss while communicating, certain parts of speech follow a strict word order.

:Adjectives always follow the noun they modify.
:Indirect objects always come after the verb.{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=26.XII}}
:Examples given throughout the original documentation hint at a [[subject-verb-object|SVO]] word order,{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=29.XVII}} however, it shouldn't matter as long as the sentence remains simple and clear.
:Tenses always precede verbs.{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=30.XIX}}

To make a word plural, you place an [[acute accent]] above the last syllable, which in speech is pronounced by lengthening the last letter of said syllable.{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=24.IX}} Examples of how to mark plural masculine and feminine words:

:''resimire'' brother, ''resimirē/resimire-e'' sister
:''resimiré'' brothers, ''resimiréē/resimiré-e'' sisters

This only affects the first word in a [[noun phrase]]. That is, it only affects a noun when the noun is alone, as above. If the word is accompanied by a grammatical particle (la, fa or lasi), the particle will take the gender and or number marking instead:

:''la resimire'' [the] brother, ''lā/la-a resimire'' [the] sister
:''lá resimire'' [the] brothers, ''láā/lá-a resimire'' [the] sisters

Parts of speech (as well as more specific definitions for certain words) are derived from verbs by placing a [[circumflex]] above one of the syllables in writing, and by pronouncing said syllable with [[Glossary of musical terminology#R|rinforzando]] (sudden emphasis or [[Dynamics (music)#Gradual changes|crescendo]]). With the accent placed on the first syllable, the word becomes a noun. In four-syllable words, accentuating the second syllable creates an agent noun. The [[penult|penultimate]] syllable produces an adjective, and the last creates an adverb.{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=25.XI}} For example,

:''midofa'' to prefer, ''mîdofa'' preference, ''midôfa'' preferable, ''midofâ'' preferably
:''resolmila'' to continue, ''rêsolmila'' continuation, ''resôlmila'' one who continues, ''resolmîla'' continual, ''resolmilâ'' continually

On computers using keyboard layouts without the circumflex accent, you can either print the syllable using capital letters, or place a [[caret]] between letters of a syllable or after a syllable. Due to the grammar and word order of Solresol, distinguishing parts of speech aren't usually required to understand the sentence.

The various [[tense–aspect–mood|tense-and-mood]] particles are the double syllables, as given in vocabulary above. In addition, according to Gajewski, passive verbs are formed with ''faremi'' between this particle and the verb. The subjunctive is formed with ''mire'' before the pronoun. The negative ''do'' only appears once in the clause, before the word it negates.

The word ''fasi'' before a noun or adjective is [[augmentative]]; after it is [[superlative]]. ''Sifa'' is the opposite ([[diminutive]]):{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=21.III}}

:''fala'' good, ''fasi fala'' very good, ''fala fasi'' excellent, the best; ''sifa fala'' okay, ''fala sifa'' not very good (and similarly with ''lafa'' bad)
:''sisire'' wind, ''fasi sisire'' gale, ''sisire fasi'' cyclone; ''sifa sisire'' breeze, ''sisire sifa'' movement of air

== Questions ==
Questions in Solresol are one of the most confusing parts of the language, as they are not given much attention in the original documentation, nor have many examples. However, if they are kept simple and concise, it shouldn't be too difficult to form questions in Solresol.

Sudre's publication includes three examples of interrogative sentences:{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=127}}
:Is your health good? - Redofafa?
:Will you go to the countryside this year? - Fadoremi?
:Will you go to the theatre tonight? - Soldoremi?
To make this an affirmative statement, you add the personal pronoun afterwards:
:My health is good. - Redofafa dore.
:I will go to the countryside this year. - Fadoremi dore.
:I will go to the theatre tonight. - Soldoremi dore.

Gajewski ignores this, and uses a common European method of forming questions; by placing the subject of the sentence after the verb instead of before the verb. Some examples are:{{r|"Grammar of Solresol"|p=Interrogation and Negation}}
:Am I? - Faremi dore?
:Does he understand? - Falafa dofa?
:Are you learning? - Sidosi domi?

As you can see, without indicating which method you are using, it may be confusing to understand whether someone is asking a question, or stating an answer to one.

In all versions of the language, there are words in the 4-syllable, repeated "Mi" section of the dictionary which includes some common questions, such as:{{r|"Original Publication Scan"|p=109.123}}
:Miladodo? - To what extent/degree?
:Milarere? - Well?
:Misirere? - Who is it?

== Methods of communication ==

=== Symbols ===
Each "note" of Solresol is represented as a symbol, for example, "[[C (musical note)|Do]]" is a circle, "[[D (musical note)|Re]]" is a vertical line, "[[E (musical note)|Mi]]" and "[[A (musical note)|La]]" are both half-circles, the former facing downwards, the latter facing right, "[[F (musical note)|Fa]]" is a diagonal line from left-top to right-bottom, "[[G (musical note)|Sol]]" is a horizontal line, and "[[B (musical note)|Si or Ti]]" is a diagonal line from left-bottom to right-top.
[[File:Solresol symbols.png|thumb|The symbols of Solresol.]]
Words of Solresol are formed by connecting the symbols in the order they appear in the word.
[[File:Solresol words.gif|thumb|Some basic words of Solresol.]]

== Further attributes ==
[[Image:Curwen Hand Signs MT.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[John Curwen]]'s [[Solfege]] hand signs used in [[Tonic sol-fa]]. This version includes the tonal tendencies and interesting titles for each tone.]]
* impartial and relatively simple
* integrated systems ([[Sign language|signs]], colors, etc.) for most different [[disability|handicapped]] people, immediately operative without special learning
* gives fast learning success to illiterate people (only seven syllables or signs or ten letters to know and to recognize)
* very simple but effective system to differentiate the function of the words in the sentences

Using the [[Tonic sol-fa]] system by [[John Curwen]], SolReSol can also be [[Sign language|signed]].

==Further developments==

Another way of using Solresol is called ''[[:lfn:ses (lingua)|ses]]'', and was developed by [[George Boeree]].{{cn|date=November 2018}} The notes are given a representative consonant and vowel (or diphthong). The most basic words use the vowel alone; all others begin with a consonant followed by a vowel (or diphthong), etc.
*do > p / o
*re > k / e
*mi > m / i
*fa > f / a
*sol > s / u
*la > l / au
*ti > t / ai

In this way, one can write or pronounce words such as these:
*do > o (v) - no
*re > e (v) - and
*fa-la > fau (cv) - good
*la-fa > la (cv) - bad
*mi-ti-sol-do > maiso (cvcv) - experience
*sol-sol-re-do > suko (cvcv) - migraine
*do-la-fa-sol > paufu (cvcv) - soup
*sol-re-sol > ses (cvc) - language (solresol)
*etc.

Because the plural and feminine forms of words in Solresol are indicated by stress or length of sounds, ses uses ''pau'' (some) or ''fai'' (many) to indicate the plural, and ''mu'' (well) to indicate the feminine when necessary.

== See also ==
* [[Solfege]]
* [[Musical language]]
* [[Tonic sol-fa]]
* [[Voyage to Faremido]]
* [[Ro (artificial language)]]

== References ==

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Grammar of Solresol">Prof. Boleslas Gajewski, translated by Stephen L. Rice. {{Cite web|url=http://datapacrat.com/True/LANG/SOLRESOL/SORSOENG.HTM|title=Grammar of Solresol|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>
}}
* [[Umberto Eco]]. ''The Search for the Perfect Language''. 1993. {{ISBN|0-631-20510-1}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Solresol}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040203092930/http://www.langmaker.com/outpost/solresol.htm Langmaker.com about Solresol]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080326173333/http://www.uniovi.es/solresol/ '''html-version of the text of the book''' of François Sudre] edition from 1866, Gajewski's ''Grammar of Solresol'', edition 1902, translated in different languages, dictionary of Solresol with more than 13.000 French equivalents in a MySQL data base, and different other texts on artificial languages ([[Esperanto]] from 1897, [[Ido]] from 1908, [[Interlingue|Occidental]] from 1930, and soon, [[Universalglot]], [[Jean Pirro]], from 1868)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/solresol.htm Omniglot on the various ways of writing Solresol]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.kirchersociety.org/blog/?p=625 The Athanasius Kircher Society's blog entry on Solresol]
* [http://mozai.com/writing/not_mine/solresol/ Grammar of Solresol by Boleslas Gajewski]
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AqqUac853UsgdGVjdWV6SHlUX3BUQUNGRVNSTF9KcVE&hl=en_US#gid=0 Solresol-English dictionary, 2600 words]
* [http://www.ifost.org.au/~gregb/solresol/sorsolex.htm Solresol-English/French Mini-Dictionary]
* [http://www.datapacrat.com/True/LANG/SOLRESOL/ Solresol text collection including full Solresol–French dictionary]
* [http://sharyphil.com/root/solresol-the-project/ Free Solresol to English and English to Solresol translator with live MIDI support]
* [http://www.edysseus.com/solresol Solresol-French translator and sound player]
* [http://cals.conlang.org/language/solresol/ Solresol] at the [[Conlang Atlas of Language Structures]].

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[[Category:Musical languages]]
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[[Category:Languages attested from the 19th century]]