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Qualdomelic: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Qualdomelic nouns are uninflected, but number is among the information encoded by the article. There are four articles for each noun class: a singular, a plural, a "universal" article (translated with "all" in examples), and a "partitive" article (translated with "some" in examples). Their forms (and triggered mutations) vary: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="textalign:center" | |||
|- | |||
! Class !! Singular !! Plural !! Universal !! Partitive | |||
|- | |||
! Masculine | |||
| toj || tăjț || toc || ăso | |||
|- | |||
! Feminine | |||
| taʰ || tajγ || tănc || ăšiʰ | |||
|- | |||
! Neuter | |||
| iăⁿ || ing || irăⁿ || ăjuⁿ | |||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
: ''luăchwhjen'' /lu(ə̯)jen/ "book, a book" – ''toj luăchwhjen'' "the book" – ''tăjț luăchwhjen'' "the books" – ''toc luăchwhjen'' "all the books" – ''ăso luăchwhjen'' "some books" | |||
: ''biăm'' /biə̯m/ "tree, a tree" – ''ta viăm'' "the tree" – ''tajγ biăm'' "the trees" – ''tănc biăm'' "all the trees" – ''ăši viăm'' "some trees" | |||
: ''fendur'' /ˈfendur/ "day, a day" – ''iă pfendur'' "the day" – ''ing fendur'' "the days" – ''iră pfendur'' "all the days" – ''ăju pfendur'' "some days" | |||
====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||
Possessed nouns are marked by a following postposition which varies according to the gender and number of the possessed noun. The masculine singular form is '''căd''', the feminine singular one is '''ceda''', while the one used for neuters and all plurals is '''căiši'''. | Possessed nouns are marked by a following postposition which varies according to the gender and number of the possessed noun. The masculine singular form is '''căd''', the feminine singular one is '''ceda''', while the one used for neuters and all plurals is '''căiši'''. This does not apply when the possessor is coincident with a third person pronoun, in which case there is a special suffix to use (see table below). | ||
Some nouns, on the other hand, have a completely different possessed form and never use the possessive particle. The most common examples are '''camiuq''' "son" and '''camẹnă''' "daughter", which have the possessed forms ''jamwhaʰ'' "son of..." and ''jamhniʰ'' "daughter of...". | Some nouns, on the other hand, have a completely different possessed form and never use the possessive particle. The most common examples are '''camiuq''' "son" and '''camẹnă''' "daughter", which have the possessed forms ''jamwhaʰ'' "son of..." and ''jamhniʰ'' "daughter of...". | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Pronominal possessive suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! Person/number !! Suffix !! Example | |||
|- | |||
! 1SG | |||
| -ur || ''dẹljur'' "my house" | |||
|- | |||
! 2SG | |||
| -ed || ''ronuqed'' "your sword" | |||
|- | |||
! 3SG | |||
| -(j)e || ''fẹctăse'' "his/her window" | |||
|- | |||
! 1PL incl. | |||
| -uăre || ''γăljẹuăre'' "our cat" | |||
|- | |||
! 1PL excl. | |||
| -erel || ''whejnraerel'' "our city" | |||
|- | |||
! 2PL | |||
| -ăjde || ''luăchwhjenăjde'' "your book" | |||
|- | |||
! 3PL | |||
| -ăjm || ''mălpaăjm'' "their room" | |||
|} | |||
<!-- ===Noun classes=== | <!-- ===Noun classes=== | ||
Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects. | Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects. | ||