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:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Non-Azalic etyma]] | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = English | |name = English | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''English in the Lõis timeline''' is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. | '''English in the Lõis timeline''' is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as ''schadenfreude'' and ''smörgåsbord''. Words (even words directly inherited from PIE) may not have the same etymologies as in our English. | ||
It is part of a sprachbund with [[Togarmite]], [[ | It is part of a sprachbund with [[Togarmite]], [[Padmanābha]] and [[L-Persian]]. | ||
==Diachronics== | ==Diachronics== | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
English in Lõis has three writing systems: the | English in Lõis has three writing systems: the Greek alphabet, the Hebrew abjad (always with vowel pointing) and the Latin alphabet. | ||
=== | ===Greek=== | ||
===Hebrew=== | ===Hebrew=== | ||
Mainly used among Jews. | |||
Consonants: | Consonants: | ||
*/m n ŋ/ = מ נ נג | */m n ŋ/ = מ נ נג | ||
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*DRESS (דרֶס) = segol | *DRESS (דרֶס) = segol | ||
*FACE (ףֵיס) = tsere + yud | *FACE (ףֵיס) = tsere + yud | ||
*KIT = hiriq | *KIT (קִט) = hiriq | ||
*FLEECE = happY = hiriq + yud | *FLEECE (ףלִיס) = happY = hiriq + yud | ||
*FOOT = STRUT = qubutz | *FOOT = STRUT = qubutz | ||
*GOOSE = shuruq + vav | *GOOSE (גוּס) = shuruq + vav | ||
*GOAT (גוֹט) = cholam | *GOAT (גוֹט) = cholam | ||
*LOT (לָט) = qamatz | *LOT (לָט) = qamatz | ||
*THOUGHT (תָהט) = qamatz + he | *THOUGHT (תָהט) = qamatz + he | ||
*PRICE = patach + yud | *PRICE (פרַיס) = patach + yud | ||
*MOUTH = patah + vav | *MOUTH (מַות) = patah + vav | ||
*CHOICE = qamatz + yud | *CHOICE (צשָיס) = qamatz + yud | ||
*NURSE = letteR = shva + resh | *NURSE (נְרס) = letteR = shva + resh | ||
*NEAR = hiriq + resh | *NEAR (נִיר) = hiriq + yud + resh | ||
*SQUARE = tsere + resh | *SQUARE (סקויר) = tsere + resh | ||
*START = patach + resh | *START = patach + resh | ||
*NORTH = qamatz + resh | *NORTH = qamatz + resh | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! TRAP | ! TRAP | ||
| a || æ || a || a | | a~ɑ || æ || a || a; o ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP) | ! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP) | ||
| | | a~ɑ || eə || aː~æ: || a; o ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! LOT | ! LOT | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! FLEECE | ! FLEECE | ||
| iː || iʝ + reinforcement before C; ɪj otherwise || ɪj~iː || iː | | iː || iʝ + reinforcement before C; ɪj otherwise || ɪj~iː || iː; ej ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! FACE | ! FACE | ||
| eː~eɪ || ɪj + reinforcement before C; ɛɪ otherwise || ɛɪ || eɪ | | eː~eɪ || ɪj + reinforcement before C; ɛɪ otherwise || ɛɪ || eɪ; aɪ ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! PRICE | ! PRICE | ||
| aɪ || əɪ~ʌɪ + reinforcement before C; ɑɪ~ɒɪ otherwise || ɑɪ || aɪ | | aɪ || əɪ~ʌɪ + reinforcement before C; ɑɪ~ɒɪ otherwise || ɑɪ || aɪ; oɪ ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! CHOICE | ! CHOICE | ||
| oɪ || oɪ~ʊɪ + reinforcement before C; oɪ otherwise || oɪ || | | oɪ || oɪ~ʊɪ + reinforcement before C; oɪ otherwise || oɪ || ɔɪ~oɪ; ui ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! MOUTH | ! MOUTH | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! GOAT | ! GOAT | ||
| oː~oʊ || əʊ~ə̟ʊ~eʊ, oʊ before [ɫ] || əʊ~əʏ~ʌʏ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ]|| | | oː~oʊ || əʊ~ə̟ʊ~eʊ, oʊ before [ɫ] || ə̟ʊ~əʊ~əʏ~ʌʏ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ]|| ɔɪ~oɪ; a: ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! GOOSE | ! GOOSE | ||
| uː || üw~yː, uː before [ɫ] || üː, uː before [ɫ] || uː | | uː || üw~yː, uː before [ɫ] || üː, uː before [ɫ] || uː; iː ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! PALM | ! PALM | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! THOUGHT | ! THOUGHT | ||
| ɑː || oə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) || oː || | | ɑː || oə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) || oː || ɔː; uː ("Poylish") | ||
|- | |- | ||
! NEAR | ! NEAR | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! FORCE | ! FORCE | ||
| oːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ (oʊɚ~əʊɚ for Jewish speakers) || | | oːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ (oʊɚ~əʊɚ for Jewish speakers) || ɔɪʀ~oɪʀ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! POOR | ! POOR | ||
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! colspan="5" | Other phenomena | ! colspan="5" | Other phenomena | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | | ! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | Western !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian!! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Rhoticity | ! Rhoticity | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! /w/ | ! /w/ | ||
| [ | | [w] || [w] || [w] || [v] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping | ! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping | ||
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====Western accent==== | ====Western accent==== | ||
This is the "Western English" accent. When [[L-Hebrew|Hebrew]] is read in this accent, it sounds like Israeli Hebrew with an American accent. It still has some non-Sephardi features, e.g. tsere = FACE = [eɪ | This is the "Western English" accent. When [[L-Hebrew|Hebrew]] is read in this accent, it sounds like Israeli Hebrew with an American accent. It still has some non-Sephardi features, e.g. tsere = FACE = [eɪ] is distinct from segol = DRESS = [ɛ]. | ||
The intonation is stereotypical American/Valley Girl. | |||
====L-Philadelphian==== | ====L-Philadelphian==== | ||
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====L-Standard English==== | ====L-Standard English==== | ||
Often called the "Newton accent". | Often called the "Newton accent". Also a standard for [[L-Hebrew|English Hebrew]]. | ||
A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philly + Modern RP/Estuary. Rhotic in the GenAm sense. | A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philly + Modern RP/Estuary. Rhotic in the GenAm sense. | ||
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====Eastern accent==== | ====Eastern accent==== | ||
When L-English Jews [[L-Hebrew|read Hebrew]] in this accent, it sounds | When L-English Jews [[L-Hebrew|read Hebrew]] in this accent, it sounds almost exactly like the Ashkenazi accent. Source of "oy vey" (from ''oh woe'' /øɪ vøɪ/) | ||
This is not a specifically Jewish accent, and not all L-English Jews (or even all Ultra-Orthodox Jews) speak it; however, a sizeable community of Ultra-Orthodox Jews speaks this accent. | This is not a specifically Jewish accent, and not all L-English Jews (or even all Ultra-Orthodox Jews) speak it; however, a sizeable community of Ultra-Orthodox Jews speaks this accent. | ||
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*Stops are unaspirated | *Stops are unaspirated | ||
[ | [o:l hju:mən bijənz əʀ boʀən fʀi: ən i:kwəl ɪn digniti ən ʀaɪts. dei əʀ ɪndaʊd wid ʀi:zən ən konʃəns ən ʃʏd akt toʀds won ənʏdəʀ ɪn ə spiʀit əv bʀʏdəχʏd] | ||
====Exaggerated Poylish==== | |||
===A rhotic accent=== | ===A rhotic accent=== | ||
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Inspiration: Korean accent, British accents, New York accent | Inspiration: Korean accent, British accents, New York accent | ||
*/f θ h hw/ = [pʰ tʰ h~x xw] | */f θ h hw/ = [pʰ tʰ h~x xw] | ||
*/p t k/ = unaspirated stops, | */p t k/ = unaspirated stops, often ejectives especially word-finally except after fricatives | ||
*/tʃ dʒ/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ] | */tʃ dʒ/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ] | ||
*/v/ = [b~β] | */v/ = [b~β] | ||
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*''bath'' [ba:tʰ]; but ''math'' [mɛtʰ] | *''bath'' [ba:tʰ]; but ''math'' [mɛtʰ] | ||
===Medh Chêl accent=== | |||
*KIT = [i], FLEECE = [iː] | |||
*DRESS = [e̞], SQUARE = [e̞ː] | |||
*TRAP = [æ], [æː] in some words (with a split similar to bad-lad split) | |||
*LOT = [ɑ], PALM = START = [ɑː] | |||
*STRUT = [ɤ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = [oː] | |||
*NURSE = [ø̞ː] | |||
*FOOT = [u] | |||
*GOOSE = [yː] | |||
*GOAT = [ø̞y] / [ɶy] | |||
*FACE = [ɛi] | |||
*PRICE = [ɑɪ], MOUTH = [æo] (cultivated), [æø] (broad) | |||
*NEAR = [ie], POOR = [uo] | |||
===An "Old English" accent=== | ===An "Old English" accent=== | ||
*CHOICE = œɪ | *CHOICE = œɪ |
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