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|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|nativename = sebhatišká dažvá | |||
|nativename = | |||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = Britain | ||
|states = | |states = | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
''' | '''Sebatian''' /sə'beɪʃən/ (''sebhatišká dažvá'' /ˈsɛbʰacɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical language in Great Britain, spoken by the Sebatians. It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. | ||
As an ancient IE language, | As an ancient IE language, Sebatian is highly inflected and retains many archaic features (while being fairly innovative in other ways). It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic. | ||
[[Zauhi]] is a descendant. | [[Zauhi]] is a descendant. | ||
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rkš = bear | rkš = bear | ||
žnýtán = family | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í | ||
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from | all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Sebatian é causes "third palatalization" | ||
mýs, mýnes- 'month' | mýs, mýnes- 'month' | ||
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ja > je? | ja > je? | ||
=== Iotation === | === Iotation === | ||
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > č dž džh ť ď ďh pj bj bhj vj mň | k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pj bj bhj vj mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š | ||
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. | This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I burn'. | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
Literary | Literary Sebatian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place. | ||
=== o-stems === | === o-stems === | ||
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vrkaš''|| '' | |''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou'' | ||
|''loušnech''|| '' | |''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou'' | ||
|''důraš''|| '' | |''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vrké'' || '' | |''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš'' | ||
|''loušné''||'' | |''loušné''||''loušnáu'' ||''loušnáš'' | ||
|''důré'' || '' | |''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''agňéš'' || '' | |''agňéš'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agňou'' | ||
|''matěch'' || '' | |''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou'' | ||
|''mařéš'' || '' | |''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních'' | |''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních'' | ||
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || '' | |''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích'' | ||
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | |''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''agňé'' || '' | |''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš'' | ||
|''maťé'' || '' | |''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš'' | ||
|''mařé'' || '' | |''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!'' | |''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!'' | ||
|'' | |''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!'' | ||
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | |''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patních'' || '' | |''patních'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patnijou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patnijé'' || '' | |''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''avýjouš'' || '' | |''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou'' | ||
|''žouštouch'' || '' | |''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou'' | ||
|''medhouš'' || '' | |''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || '' | |''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš'' | ||
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || '' | |''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš'' | ||
|''medháu, medhavi'' || '' | |''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''žmenaš''|| '' | |''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''žmeni, žmené'' || '' | |''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''vnamenaš''|| '' | |''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || '' | |''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| '' | |''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || '' | |''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''patreš''|| '' | |''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||'' | |''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrách'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Ablative''' | |align="right"|'''Ablative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''patři, patré'' || '' | |''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!'' ||''pateré!'' | |''patre!'' ||''paterů!'' ||''pateré!'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== Feminine ==== | ==== Feminine ==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''gouch''||'' | |''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''gavé'' || '' | |''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! gen. | ! gen. | ||
| '' | | ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! poss. | ! poss. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! loc. | ! loc. | ||
| '' | | ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''jsúrtaš''|| '' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|''jsúrtech''|| '' | |''jsúrtech''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|''jsúrtaš''|| '' | |''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''jsúrtami'' || '' | |''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | ||
|''jsúrté''||'' | |''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš'' | ||
|''jsúrtami'' || '' | |''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''jvesouš''|| '' | |''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | ||
|''jvesích''|| '' | |''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou'' | ||
|''jvesouš''|| '' | |''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Dative''' | |align="right" |'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Locative''' | |align="right" |'''Locative''' | ||
|''jvesumi'' || '' | |''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | ||
|''jvesijé''||'' | |''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesíš'' | ||
|''jvesumi'' || '' | |''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right" |'''Vocative''' | |align="right" |'''Vocative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Genitive''' | |align="right"|'''Genitive''' | ||
|''jsantaš''||'' | |''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou'' | ||
|''jsantích''||'' | |''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou'' | ||
|''jsantaš''||'' | |''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Dative''' | |align="right"|'''Dative''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|align="right"|'''Accusative''' | |align="right"|'''Accusative''' | ||
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||'' | |''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech'' | ||
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | |''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích'' | ||
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | |''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá'' | ||
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|align="right"|'''Locative''' | |align="right"|'''Locative''' | ||
|''jsantami''||'' | |''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš'' | ||
|''jsantijé''||'' | |''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš'' | ||
|''jsantami''||'' | |''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
{{main| | {{main|Sebatian/Verbs}} | ||
== Numerals == | == Numerals == | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Sebatian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.) | |||
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first: | |||
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'') | *''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'') | ||
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'') | *''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'') | ||
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | *''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'') | ||
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | *''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'') | ||
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical | The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Sebatian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Sebatian. | ||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
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''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.'' | ''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.'' | ||
=== | === Sebatian textbook === | ||
==== Lesson 2 ==== | ==== Lesson 2 ==== | ||
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, | ''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáče Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýrče.'' | ||
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. | This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter. | ||
===Schleicher's Fable=== | ===Schleicher's Fable=== | ||
'''Avi | '''Avi ješvéče''' | ||
''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, | ''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévače maža bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages|C]] | ||
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' === | === From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' === | ||
''' | '''Sebatian''' | ||
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, jasmi se žmenišáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, jebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté meži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, šu janý žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am jaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.'' | ''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, jasmi se žmenišáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, jebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté meži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, šu janý žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am jaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.'' | ||
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''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.'' | ''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.'' | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category: | [[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]] |
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