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Sudyrnish: Difference between revisions
→Morphology
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! A a !! Ar ar !! Ai ai !! Au au !! Ay ay !! Á á !! Æ æ !! Ær ær !! Ǽ ǽ !! B b !! C c | ! A a !! Ar ar !! Ai ai !! Au au !! Ay ay !! Á á !! Æ æ !! Ær ær !! Ǽ ǽ !! B b !! C c | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | /a/ || /a˞/ || /ai/ || /au/ || /ay/ || /oː/ || /ɛ/ || /ɛ˞/ || /eː/ || /b/ || /k/ | ||
|- | |||
! Ch ch !! D d !! E e !! Ei ei !! Er er !! Eu eu !! Ey ey !! É é !! Ér ér !! È è !! Ê ê | |||
|- | |||
| /t͡ʃ/ || /d/ || /e,ə/ || /əi/ || /ɚ/ || /əu/ || /əy/ || /iː/ || /i˞ː/ || /ə/ || /œː/ | |||
|- | |||
! F f !! G g !! Gh gh !! Gu gu !! H h !! I i !! Ir ir !! Í í !! Ír ír !! Ï ï !! Ïr ïr | |||
|- | |||
| /f/ || /g/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /gw/ || /h/ || /i/ || /i˞/ || /ai/ || /ai˞/ || /i/ || /i˞/ | |||
|- | |||
! L l !! M m !! N n !! O o !! Ó ó !! Ór ór !! Œ œ !! Œ́ œ́ !! Œ́r œ́r !! P p !! Qu qu | |||
|- | |||
| /l,lˠ/ || /m/ || /n,nˠ/ || /o/ || /uː/ || /u˞ː/ || /ø/ || /yː/ || /y˞ː/ || /p/ || /kw/ | |||
|- | |||
! R r !! S s !! Sh sh !! T t !! U u !! Ur ur !! Ú ú !! Úr úr !! Ü ü !! Ür ür !! W w | |||
|- | |||
| /ɾ,ɾˠ/ || /s/ || /ʃ/ || /t/ || /u/ || /u˞/ || /au/ || /au˞/ || /u/ || /u˞/ || /w/ | |||
|- | |||
! Wl wl !! Wn wn !! Wr wr !! X x !! Y y !! Yr yr !! Ý ý !! Ýr ýr !! Ÿ ÿ !! Ÿr ÿr | |||
|- | |||
| /lˠ/ || /nˠ/ || /ɾˠ/ || /ks/ || /y/ || /y˞/ || /ay/ || /ay˞/ || /y/ || /y˞/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Consonants | |||
|- | |||
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] nˠ | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]] || [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] | |||
| colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] lˠ || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Tap and flap consonants|Tap]] | |||
| colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | [[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]] ɾˠ | |||
|} | |||
*Fricatives except /h/ are voiced intervocalically and adjacent to voiced stops. | |||
*/m/ is realized as [ɱ] before /f/. | |||
*/n,l/ are velarized in coda. | |||
**/n/ is realized as [ŋ] before velar consonants. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Vowels | |||
|- | |||
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] [[w:Unrounded vowel|unrounded]] !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] [[w:Rounded vowel|rounded]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|High]] | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] iː i˞ i˞ː || [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]] yː y˞ y˞ː || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] uː u˞ u˞ː | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | |||
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] eː || [[w:Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] oː | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | |||
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ɛ˞ || [[w:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]] || [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] ɚ | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]] | |||
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|a]] a˞ | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Diphthongs | |||
|- | |||
| əi || əy || əu | |||
|- | |||
| ai || ay || au | |||
|} | |||
*/ə/ is realized as [œ] when stressed. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Stress is variable but predominantly initial | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Sudyrnish maximal syllables are CCCVCCC | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are marked for number by a suffix ''-(e)s'', umlaut, or more rarely by suppletion. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! !! "hat" !! "bear" !! "oak" !! "dog" | |||
|- | |||
! Singular | |||
| hæt || bére || ác || hund | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| hætes || béres || ǽc || doges | |||
|} | |||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
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===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||
Possessors and numerals precede their head. Adjectives and adverbs follow their head. | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
Dependent clauses directly follow their head. | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||