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'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language, inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talma]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]], descending from [[Sacred Swuntsim]].
'''Swuntsim''' (''SWUN-tsim''; natively ''təSfətsiv'' /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talma]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]]. It is unrelated to the Talmic and Lakovic languages that are spoken in Talma.
 
It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.


Some typological characteristics:
Some typological characteristics:
*It is an agglutinative SVO language with a complex verb system.
*It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system.
*It is pro-drop.
*It is pro-drop.
*Head-directionality is mixed.
*Head-directionality is mixed.
*It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but retains vestiges of the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system.
*It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization.
*It has no grammatical case.


==Todo==
==Todo==
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*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name?
*''Yəy, yo fətjway?'' = Hello, what's your name?
*''Cətjway...'' = My name is...
*''Cətjway...'' = My name is...
*''Tidhabo!'' = See you!
*''Tidhavo!'' = See you!
*''ξəp'' (7) = world
*''ξəp'' (7) = world
*''ti-bayəξoe-σ'' = progressive
*''ti-vayəξoe-σ'' = progressive
*Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)
*Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)
*assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ
*assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ
*''iʔist'' = a name?
*''i'ist'' = a name?


Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.
Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.


Prefix sandhi rules
Prefix sandhi rules
ladhfadh tidha'üs dhacwitj atsavochwe abchidf


==Swuntsim gib==
==Swuntsim gib==
Tiʔə dhiʔə atsiσtovif o tiʔiσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tüʔüchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfiʔfiʔ. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwəʔ. Go tüσaσe ogwəʔ.
Ti'ə dhi'ə atsiσtovif o ti'iσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tü'üchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfi'fi'. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwə'. Go tüσaσe ogwə'.
 
Go avsvədhvədhaʔ ogwəʔ. Avsvədhvədhaʔ ogwəʔ. Go tiʔe iσütσ vədhaʔs ogwəʔ go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfüʔibəsjəs. Go dhay tiʔə tjotjosəs.


Tüasσaσe tiʔə yoyoavs ʔo tüdhiʔ cif sfavats o tiʔə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe tiʔiσ tσüsce ə tiʔə dhiʔə suaf, tiʔə diʔə tσfayʔ. tuʔa go əsjavoicw ogwəʔ ə tiʔiσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwəʔ.
Go avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Go ti'e iσütσ vədha's ogwə' go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfü'ibəsjəs. Go dhay ti'ə tjotjosəs.


Go oeəf ti sətjites fəʔo cwi sətəses. Go σüʔətσaf ogwəʔ. Σüvəvocwaf ogwəʔ fəʔo tiʔə dhiʔə tjit σcütsidh ə tiʔə dhiʔə səʔeütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhiʔ təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tuʔa go, go ətσtfaf ogwəʔ tiʔə stavs ogwəʔ o tiʔə dhadhatü.
Tüasσaσe ti'ə yoyoavs 'o tüdhi' cif sfavats o ti'ə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe ti'iσ tσüsce ə ti'ə dhi'ə suaf, ti'ə di'ə tσfay'. tu'a go əsjavoicw ogwə' ə ti'iσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwə'.


Tuʔa go tsüttəvəf ʔə təsiʔəʔ dhiʔə sσadhəy tiʔə vədhaʔəs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif tiʔə dhvədhaʔ. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fiʔ gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj tiʔə vədhaʔs. Chuəf ogwəʔ üʔətσ. Ucwitsf ogwəʔ tə stavs ogwəʔ savgwasəs ogwəʔ.
Go oeəf ti sətjites fə'o cwi sətəses. Go σü'ətσaf ogwə'. Σüvəvocwaf ogwə' fə'o ti'ə dhi'ə tjit σcütsidh ə ti'ə dhi'ə sə'eütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhi' təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tu'a go, go ətσtfaf ogwə' ti'ə stavs ogwə' o ti'ə dhadhatü.


Tuʔa go hüyütsütəf tiʔə dhiʔə tsədhiσ vədhaʔs ogwəʔ əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf tiʔə dhətjüʔ sitsəvs i tiʔə scaʔsjədhs. Tuʔa go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fəʔo tiʔə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh tiʔə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fəʔo tiʔə ʔəsgwigwoc. Go tichidh tiʔə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o tiʔiσ. Go σache. Go cov.
Tu'a go tsüttəvəf 'ə təsi'ə' dhi'ə sσadhəy ti'ə vədha'əs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif ti'ə dhvədha'. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fi' gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj ti'ə vədha's. Chuəf ogwə' ü'ətσ. Ucwitsf ogwə' tə stavs ogwə' savgwasəs ogwə'.


ceəf tiʔə yoyoavs. Tüsasʔavgwas. Go fiʔoüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəvaʔ. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tuʔa go atsəts. Fiʔəf gwəsoʔuüs ogwəʔ. Chuəf ogwəʔ ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwəʔ o tiʔiσ dhəfüfs.
Tu'a go hüyütsütəf ti'ə dhi'ə tsədhiσ vədha's ogwə' əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf ti'ə dhətjü' sitsəvs i ti'ə sca'sjədhs. Tu'a go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fə'o ti'ə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh ti'ə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fə'o ti'ə 'əsgwigwoc. Go tichidh ti'ə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o ti'iσ. Go σache. Go cov.


Grammar shouldn't be ripoff of Bantu, Salish or Welsh
ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs.


==Numbers==
==Numbers==
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Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example:
Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with ''sjü'' '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ''ts-'' for animates. For example:
*''tsfisj'' 'two people'
*''tsfisj'' 'two people'
*''a bo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.)
*''a vo sdüch əσü'' '13 women' (Note singular form ''əσü'' is used for 'woman', not the plural ''tsəσü''.)
*''fisj bo fisdüch biway'' '26 names'
*''fisj vo fisdüch viway'' '26 names'


The numbers:
The numbers:
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5 tu
5 tu
6 tjayəzj
6 tjayəzj
7 butjo
7 vutjo
8 gwivə
8 gwivə
9 aay
9 aay
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11 səyeu
11 səyeu
12 sdüch
12 sdüch
13 sjüv bo sdüch
13 sjüv vo sdüch
14 fisj bo sdüch
14 fisj vo sdüch
24 fisdüch
24 fisdüch
36 iyəvdüch
36 iyəvdüch
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| '''cw''' kʷ
| '''cw''' kʷ
|  
|  
| '''ʔ''' ʔ
| ''' ' ''' ʔ
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system, which was still active in Sacred Swuntsim. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.  
Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.  
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.
The genitive is marked with ''-s'', but ''-əs'' after coronal fricatives: ''stsaσ'' 'a forest or similar collection' > ''stsaσəs'' 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.
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Original noun class prefixes:
Original noun class prefixes:
#ʔə-, pl. cə-/c-
#-, pl. cə-/c-
#bu-, pl. də-/d-
#u-, pl. də-/d-
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
#s-, pl. dus-
#s-, pl. dus-
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
#va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
#k-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
#c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
#sju-, pl. N-
#sju-, pl. N-
#σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
#σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
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Expected noun class affixes:
Expected noun class affixes:
#ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
#'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
#-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
#ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
#s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
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#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
#s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#tj-/k-, pl. bi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
#tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
#sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
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TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns
TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns
*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
*every, all: ''tsəcwach'' 'everyone, every (for animates)'; ''wəcwach'' 'all things (for inanimates)'; ''cwach'' 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
*many: ''tsəzab'' 'many people'; ''wəzab'' 'many things'; ''zab'' 'much (mass nouns)'  
*many: ''tsəzap'' 'many people'; ''wəzap'' 'many things'; ''zap'' 'much (mass nouns)'  
*few: ''tsəduu'' 'few people'; ''wəduu'' 'few things'; ''duu'' 'few (mass nouns)'
*few: ''tsədhuu'' 'few people'; ''wədhuu'' 'few things'; ''dhuu'' 'few (mass nouns)'
*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things'
*other: ''əchasj'' 'another person'; ''tsəchasj'' 'other people'; ''chasj'' 'other things'


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Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs):
Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs):
*Predicative: ''pəwayts o cütsi'' 'the tree is firm'
*Predicative: ''pəwayts go cütsi'' 'the tree is firm'
*Attributive:
*Attributive:
**''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house'
**''tjvits sj-cütsi'' 'firm house'
**''ʔəsəye ʔə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit'
**''əsəye ə-cütsi'' 'firm spirit'


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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====Tense====
====Tense====
Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future.
Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary ''-tje'' is used for the future.
*''cwə-s-dhaʔo'' 'I meet'
*''cwə-ts-dha'o'' 'I meet'
*''chə-cwə-dhaʔo'' 'I do not meet'
*''chə-cwə-dha'o'' 'I do not meet'
*''cwə-v-dhaʔo'' 'I met'
*''cwə-v-dha'o'' 'I met'
*''cwə-ya-dhaʔo'' 'I did not meet'
*''cwə-ya-dha'o'' 'I did not meet'
*''cwə-da-dhaʔo'' 'I have met'
*''cwə-da-dha'o'' 'I have met'
*''cwə-day-dhaʔo'' 'I have not met'
*''cwə-day-dha'o'' 'I have not met'
*''hodhaʔo'' 'you (sg) meet'
*''hodha'o'' 'you (sg) meet'
etc.
etc.
*''cwətje tidhaʔo'' = I will meet
*''cwətje tidha'o'' = I will meet


====Mood====
====Mood====
The imperative mood is formed as follows:
The imperative mood is formed as follows:


*''dhaʔo!'' = meet! (sg)
*''dha'o!'' = meet! (sg)
*''tsfdhaʔo!'' = meet! (pl)
*'''''tsf'''dha'o!'' = meet! (pl)


====Voice====
====Voice====
Voices:
Voices:
*active
*active: 0-
*mediopassive: ''tσə-''
*mediopassive: ''tσə-''
*applicative: ''gwiσ-''
*applicative: ''gwiσ-''
*causative: ''ʔu-''
*causative: ''u-''
Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)
Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)


Line 323: Line 324:
*''-əσ'' = adverbializer
*''-əσ'' = adverbializer
*reduplication = verbalizer
*reduplication = verbalizer
*''sj-'' = transitivizer for verbs


==Constructions==
==Constructions==
Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop:
Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop:
:'''''Cwətscwev təSfətsivəσ.'''''  
:'''''Chə'əcwev təSfətsivəσ.'''''  
:/kʷətskʷev təsfəˈtsivəɬ/
:/χəˈʔəkʷev təsfəˈtsivəɬ/
:cwə-s-cwev təSfətsiv-əσ  
:chə-ʔə-cwev təSfətsiv-əσ  
:1SG-PRES-say Swuntsim-ADV
:NEG.PRES-3SG.AN-say Swuntsim-ADV
:''I speak Swuntsim.''
:''He does not speak Swuntsim.''


*The copula is ''o''.
*The copula is ''go'' (inflected for tense).
*The relativizer is ''i''
*The relativizer is ''i'' (from an interrogative ''*yi'')
*the complementizer is ''ti''.  
*The complementizer is ''ti''.  


Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions.
Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions.
Line 340: Line 342:
The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause.
The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause.


GenN:
AdjN:  


:''cwəʔəmams tjway''  
:''sjgwətjes zde''
:cwə-ʔəmam-s tj-way
:sj-gwətje-s s-de
:1SG-mother-GEN SG-name
:SG.INAN-red-ATTR SG-flower
:'my mother's name'
: 'red flower'


NAdj:  
NGen:


:''zdeʔ sjgwətje''
:''tjway əd cwə'əmams''
:s-deʔ sj-gwətje
:tj-way əd cwə-ʔəmam-s
:SG-flower SG.INAN-red
:SG-name SG-of 1SG-mother-GEN
: 'red flower'
:'my mother's name'


NRel:  
NRel:  


:''ətotj i agwiσcwəvʔoəch docadh''  
:'''''ətotj i agwiσcwəv'oəch tocadh va tfiwi'odh fi zdowe.'''''
:/ˈʔətotʃ i ʔagʷiɬkʷəvˈʔoəχ ˈdokað/
:ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch tocadh
:ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch docadh
:SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday COP.PST beautiful and kind
:SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday
:''The man I went out with yesterday was handsome and nice.''
:'the man I went out with yesterday'
 
VComp:
:'''''Cwəchsla' tə ti fəv'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh.'''''
:cwə-ch-sla' tə ti fə-v-'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh
:1SG-PRES-know ACC COMP 2SG-PAST-appoint SG-man yesterday
:''I know that you went out with the man yesterday.''


Adpositions include:
Some adpositions must be used with thw genitive case.
*''ef'' = in
*''ef'' (+ gen.) = in
*''tə'' (+ nom.) = accusative
==="Have" construction===
==="Have" construction===
Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used.
Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word ''djec'' 'with' is used.


:''co djec o tjvits''  
:''co djec go tjvits''  
:1SG with COP SG-house
:1SG with COP SG-house
:"I have a house"
:"I have a house"


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Much of the vocabulary is native and inherited from Sacred Swuntsim - but there are a lot of reborrowings from Sacred Swuntsim. There are also loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, and other Talman languages.
Swuntsim has many loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, Eevo and other Talman languages.


[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Tsimulh languages]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Agglutinative languages]]

Revision as of 22:38, 24 January 2020

Swuntsim/Lexicon
Swuntsim Swadesh list
Swuntsim
təSfətsiv
Pronunciation[/təˈsfətsiv/]
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Tsimulh
  • Swuntsim
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Swuntsim (SWUN-tsim; natively təSfətsiv /təˈsfətsiv/) is a modern Tsimulh language. It is the traditional vernacular language of the Swuntsim diaspora in Talma and Fyxoom. It is unrelated to the Talmic and Lakovic languages that are spoken in Talma.

It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.

Some typological characteristics:

  • It is an agglutinative SVO language with a moderately complex verb system.
  • It is pro-drop.
  • Head-directionality is mixed.
  • It has a simple grammatical gender system of animate-inanimate, but the much more complex Proto-Tsimulh noun class system has vestiges in noun pluralization.

Todo

  • -cütsi (8, various; pl) = 'hard, firm'
    • Scütsi (4, collectives and augmentatives) = personal name, meaning 'patient, enduring'
  • tjway (7, places, slots, assignments) = 'name' (a name is an assignment)
  • Yəy, yo fətjway? = Hello, what's your name?
  • Cətjway... = My name is...
  • Tidhavo! = See you!
  • ξəp (7) = world
  • ti-vayəξoe-σ = progressive
  • Initial ʔ conflated with null initial (because Talman langs don't make the distinction)
  • assimilation of cw, gw to c, g in syllables before c, g e.g. Ücwəgüsvaσ > Ücəgüsvaσ
  • i'ist = a name?

Some clusters such as t+s are broken up to təs.

Prefix sandhi rules

ladhfadh tidha'üs dhacwitj atsavochwe abchidf

Swuntsim gib

Ti'ə dhi'ə atsiσtovif o ti'iσ tühacw zichvidh tjəσ. Go tüasσaσe o tüdhi sfavats. Dhiσəf tü'üchw. Tüσaσe. Go tσüfi'fi'. Go dhiσ tədhəfüchs ogwə'. Go tüσaσe ogwə'.

Go avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Avsvədhvədha' ogwə'. Go ti'e iσütσ vədha's ogwə' go əscupcup. Əscupcup. Fi gwədjəsədhəs gwədhəfü'ibəsjəs. Go dhay ti'ə tjotjosəs.

Tüasσaσe ti'ə yoyoavs 'o tüdhi' cif sfavats o ti'ə pədhhədhəv. Go ətəse. Go oe ti'iσ tσüsce ə ti'ə dhi'ə suaf, ti'ə di'ə tσfay'. tu'a go əsjavoicw ogwə' ə ti'iσ voəsuadhf i tə viatsəs süfifis ogwə'.

Go oeəf ti sətjites fə'o cwi sətəses. Go σü'ətσaf ogwə'. Σüvəvocwaf ogwə' fə'o ti'ə dhi'ə tjit σcütsidh ə ti'ə dhi'ə sə'eütsidh ə Fcov. A cwədhi' təsəsσaσes əgwə. Tu'a go, go ətσtfaf ogwə' ti'ə stavs ogwə' o ti'ə dhadhatü.

Tu'a go tsüttəvəf 'ə təsi'ə' dhi'ə sσadhəy ti'ə vədha'əs əscupcup. Ütsüütsəf. "Dhəfuüs sif ti'ə dhvədha'. Go chu tsədhiσ cwi səschwacw. Go fi' gwəsəshayfs gwəchəσəσəs chətj ti'ə vədha's. Chuəf ogwə' ü'ətσ. Ucwitsf ogwə' tə stavs ogwə' savgwasəs ogwə'.

Tu'a go hüyütsütəf ti'ə dhi'ə tsədhiσ vədha's ogwə' əscupcup. Cwədhadhəf ti'ə dhətjü' sitsəvs i ti'ə sca'sjədhs. Tu'a go tüzace. Dhiσ dhay sühüs ti süzaces. Go zəceəf fə'o ti'ə tactavats, ti stactavats stütoəf. Go titjiv ftactütsidh. Titjivəf. Go əschətσədh ti'ə sitsəvs. Go σoe ftactütsidh go zace ftact. Zəce ftact go σtje fə'o ti'ə 'əsgwigwoc. Go tichidh ti'ə sitsəvs üσəcw. Go atsəts o ti'iσ. Go σache. Go cov.

ceəf ti'ə yoyoavs. Tüsas'avgwas. Go fi'oüsvitəvəf go gwətjtəvaf. Cwədhtəvaf ftjadh cwi süchwəs, ftjadh cwi süchwəs. Ücwətəvaf gücwitəs. Go gwətəva'. Go gwəpəcw o ti stuəf. Tu'a go atsəts. Fi'əf gwəso'uüs ogwə'. Chuəf ogwə' ügwətjəv. Go chwi gwədhəchcwəfs ogwə' o ti'iσ dhəfüfs.

Numbers

Talman Swuntsim has a set of base 10 numerals inherited from Sacred Swuntsim. Unlike in Sacred Swuntsim, however, base 12 is usually used.

Numbers inflect for animacy, but only the first word in the whole numeral inflects: Number words beginning with sjü '1' inflect that word. Number words beginning with a number word other than 1 use ts- for animates. For example:

  • tsfisj 'two people'
  • a vo sdüch əσü '13 women' (Note singular form əσü is used for 'woman', not the plural tsəσü.)
  • fisj vo fisdüch viway '26 names'

The numbers: 0 ξoi 1 a (an.), sjü (inan; default) 2 fisj 3 iyəv 4 uzoc 5 tu 6 tjayəzj 7 vutjo 8 gwivə 9 aay 10 cwidh 11 səyeu 12 sdüch 13 sjüv vo sdüch 14 fisj vo sdüch 24 fisdüch 36 iyəvdüch 144. cme < cmen

Diachronical sketch

  • m n > v dh
  • sm sn > zv zd
  • b d > b d
  • g > gh > compensatory lengthening

Getting the aesthetic

  • > w when not word initial.
  • sb sd > zv zd
  • > f
  • ʔC > C: (geminate)
  • /ʔb ʔd/ > /b d/
  • Usacsj əsocwəv əzəpətj ef tüdjo = the living fish swims in water
  • əmam = mother; əpap = father
  • tüdjo = water
  • tjvic = house
  • üvC > uuC
  • yʔ, wʔ > y, w

Orthography

Talman Swuntsim is usually written in the Windermere script. Words from Sacred Swuntsim are written in the original Swuntsim orthography.

Phonology

Consonants

Like many Tsimulh languages, Swuntsim has no liquids in native words. However, liquids can occur in loaned vocabulary.

Swuntsim consonants
Labial Dental Palatal Velar Laryngeal Glottal
central lateral plain lab'zed
Nasal m m (n n) (ŋ ŋ)
Stop tenuis p p t t c k cw ' ʔ
voiced b b d d g g gw
Fricative voiceless f f s s σ ɬ sj ʃ ch χ chw χʷ h h
voiced v v dh ð
z z
zj ʒ
Affricate tenuis ts ts ξ tj
voiced dj
Approximant (r r) y j w w (l ɴ̆)

gw, chw become g, ch before rounded vowels /y u o/.

r, l, m, n, ŋ are mainly used in loanwords. m is found in a limited number of native words.

Geminates are allowed and are rendered by doubling (for digraphs, doubling the first consonant).

Some speakers in Skella may use intrusive L [ɴ̆~ʁ] as in non-nasal Skellan accents to prevent hiatuses.

Vowels

i ü u e ə o a /i ü u e ə o a/

Stress

Stress is not fixed, but will always fall on one of the two last syllables.

Morphology

Modern Swuntsim has lost the Proto-Tsimulh noun class system. Pronouns and verbs only agree in animacy and number.

Nouns

The genitive is marked with -s, but -əs after coronal fricatives: stsaσ 'a forest or similar collection' > stsaσəs 'of a forest'. It's a clitic, not a suffix.

-s- is often inserted between nouns in compounds.

Nouns with unmarked plurals and marked singulars are common. The singulative is marked with gü- in this case.

Original noun class prefixes:

  1. 'ə-, pl. cə-/c-
  2. u-, pl. də-/d-
  3. p-, pl. əpi-/əp-
  4. s-, pl. dus-
  5. s-, pl. pσə-/pσ-
  6. va-/və-, pl. əwə-/u-
  7. c-/tj-, pl. abi-/əb-
  8. sju-, pl. N-
  9. σi-/σ-, pl. wi-
  10. ti-/t-, no plural
  11. ti-, no plural
  12. pda-/pdə- (common for abstract nouns), no plural

Expected noun class affixes:

  1. 'ə-/0-, pl. tsə- = humans, spirits
  2. ü-, pl. də-/0- = animals and other things that move on their own
  3. p-, pl. əpi-/əp- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
  4. s-, pl. düs- = collections or large things
    • 0-, pl. dü-
  5. s-, pl. pσə-/pσ- = roughly round, compact objects
  6. va-/v-/0-, pl. ü- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
  7. tj-/k-, pl. vi-/əp- = places, locations, slots
  8. sj(ü)-, pl. 0- or dh- = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
  9. σi-, pl. gwi- = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
  10. t-, ti- = abstractions, manner, way, infinitives, verbal nouns (Class 10+11)
  11. pda- = -ness, -hood (Class 12)

Pronouns

  • co = I
  • fo = you (sg)
  • ot = we
  • tsü = you (pl)

Possessive pronouns

  • 1sg cwə-
  • 2sg fo-
  • 1pl gwə-
  • 2pl tsü-

Determiners

TODO: Separate forms for mass nouns

  • every, all: tsəcwach 'everyone, every (for animates)'; wəcwach 'all things (for inanimates)'; cwach 'everything; all (mass nouns)'
  • many: tsəzap 'many people'; wəzap 'many things'; zap 'much (mass nouns)'
  • few: tsədhuu 'few people'; wədhuu 'few things'; dhuu 'few (mass nouns)'
  • other: əchasj 'another person'; tsəchasj 'other people'; chasj 'other things'

Adjectives

Like in English, there is a class of adjectives, which denote relatively permanent states. Adjectives agree with the noun in animacy. and come after the noun.

Swuntsim has a class of adjectives (different from verbs):

  • Predicative: pəwayts go cütsi 'the tree is firm'
  • Attributive:
    • tjvits sj-cütsi 'firm house'
    • əsəye ə-cütsi 'firm spirit'

Verbs

The infinitive affix is t- for verb stems beginning with a vowel and ti- for verb stems beginning with a consonant.

Concord

The animate subject affix is ə- in the singular and tsə- in the plural. Verbs with inanimate subjects do not have any subject affix.

Personal affixes:

  • 1sg cwə-
  • 2sg fo-
  • 1pl gwə-
  • 2pl tsü-

Tense

Swuntsim has four tenses: present, past, perfect, and future. The auxiliary -tje is used for the future.

  • cwə-ts-dha'o 'I meet'
  • chə-cwə-dha'o 'I do not meet'
  • cwə-v-dha'o 'I met'
  • cwə-ya-dha'o 'I did not meet'
  • cwə-da-dha'o 'I have met'
  • cwə-day-dha'o 'I have not met'
  • hodha'o 'you (sg) meet'

etc.

  • cwətje tidha'o = I will meet

Mood

The imperative mood is formed as follows:

  • dha'o! = meet! (sg)
  • tsfdha'o! = meet! (pl)

Voice

Voices:

  • active: 0-
  • mediopassive: tσə-
  • applicative: gwiσ-
  • causative: u-

Some verbs are deponent (mediopassive for no reason)

Emphatic

One way to emphasize a verb is to place the emphatic clitic =tf after it.

Derivational morphology

  • -əσ = adverbializer
  • reduplication = verbalizer
  • sj- = transitivizer for verbs

Constructions

Modern Swuntsim is SVO and pro-drop:

Chə'əcwev təSfətsivəσ.
/χəˈʔəkʷev təsfəˈtsivəɬ/
chə-ʔə-cwev təSfətsiv-əσ
NEG.PRES-3SG.AN-say Swuntsim-ADV
He does not speak Swuntsim.
  • The copula is go (inflected for tense).
  • The relativizer is i (from an interrogative *yi)
  • The complementizer is ti.

Adpositions consist of approximately equal number of prepositions and postpositions.

The constituent order is genitive-noun, noun-adjective, and noun-relative clause.

AdjN:

sjgwətjes zde
sj-gwətje-s s-de
SG.INAN-red-ATTR SG-flower
'red flower'

NGen:

tjway əd cwə'əmams
tj-way əd cwə-ʔəmam-s
SG-name SG-of 1SG-mother-GEN
'my mother's name'

NRel:

ətotj i agwiσcwəv'oəch tocadh va tfiwi'odh fi zdowe.
ə-totj i a-gwiσ-cwə-v-ʔoəch tocadh
SG-man REL 3SG.CL1-APPL-1SG-PAST-appoint yesterday COP.PST beautiful and kind
The man I went out with yesterday was handsome and nice.

VComp:

Cwəchsla' tə ti fəv'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh.
cwə-ch-sla' tə ti fə-v-'oəch s'a'adh ətotj tocadh
1SG-PRES-know ACC COMP 2SG-PAST-appoint SG-man yesterday
I know that you went out with the man yesterday.

Some adpositions must be used with thw genitive case.

  • ef (+ gen.) = in
  • (+ nom.) = accusative

"Have" construction

Swuntsim has no verb for "have"; instead the word djec 'with' is used.

co djec go tjvits
1SG with COP SG-house
"I have a house"

Vocabulary

Swuntsim has many loanwords from Anbirese, Windermere, Eevo and other Talman languages.