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Syzkyn: Difference between revisions
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! Reflexive | ! Reflexive | ||
! Complementizer/Relative/Converb | ! Complementizer/Relative/Converb | ||
|} | |||
==== Preverb ==== | |||
Preverbs can add directional or other semantic information to a verb. | |||
For example, ''дрынхан'' means "to drink", but ''юрдрынхан'' means "to drink excessively"; and ''фаран'' means "to go" but ''уҭфаран'' means "to go out" or "to exit". | |||
==== Tense and strong/weak verbs ==== | |||
Syzkyn has four tenses that are formed synthetically: present, past, future, and conditional. | |||
The present tense is not marked. | |||
Syzkyn has two major classes of verbs split by how the past tense is marked: '''weak''' and '''strong''' | |||
Weak verbs use a suffix, to mark past tense. | |||
There are two subclasses of weak verbs: consonant-stems and vowel-stems. | |||
Vowel stems use the suffix ''-з-'' after the stem to mark past tense, for example ''ҭру-а'' (believe-1SG) > ''ҭру-з-а'' (believe-PAST-1SG). | |||
This is the only productive verb class in modern Syzkyn. | |||
Consonant stems use the same suffix in theory, but in practice it has fused with the ending of the stem: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Stem-final consonant || Fused past stem ending | |||
|- | |||
| -б, -п, -ԥ, -тв, -ҭв, -ф || -тв | |||
|- | |||
| -в || -зв | |||
|- | |||
| -м || -мд | |||
|- | |||
| -н || -нд | |||
|- | |||
| -л || -жд | |||
|- | |||
| -т, -ҭ || -т | |||
|- | |||
| -қ, -ҟ, -х || -ҟт | |||
|- | |||
| -г, -ӷ || -аз, -вз, -йз | |||
|- | |||
| -с, ш || -ҵ | |||
|- | |||
| -з, ж || -д | |||
|} | |||
By contrast, strong verbs use ablaut in the verb root and no suffix to show past tense. | |||
There are ten classes of strong verbs continuing the seven general classes of strong verb in Old Norse. | |||
Each class has its own ablaut paradigm with up to three unique vowels: one for all nonpast forms, one for past finite forms, and one for the past participle. These ablaut paradigms are listed in the below table, with Vowels that uvularize any preceding velars from the present stem marked with asterisks, and vowels that undo uvularization and cause palatalization in italics. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Ablaut Class | |||
! Nonpast | |||
! Past Finite | |||
! Past Participle | |||
|- | |||
| 1 | |||
| и | |||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ы* | |||
|- | |||
| 2 | |||
| у, и | |||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ы | |||
|- | |||
| 3 | |||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1" | а | |||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | ы(в) | |||
|- | |||
| 4 | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" | о* | |||
| а* | |||
|- | |||
| 5 | |||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1" | а | |||
|- | |||
| 5-j | |||
| ы(й) | |||
| о | |||
|- | |||
| 6 | |||
| а | |||
| у | |||
|- | |||
| 7-e | |||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1" | о | |||
| е | |||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1" | о | |||
|- | |||
| 7-u | |||
| ''у'' | |||
|- | |||
| 7-r | |||
| ''ар'' | |||
|} | |||
Other verbs, usually the preterite-presents, will have other strategies for marking past tense. | |||
All verbs except for the copula ''гваран'' form the future tense by suffixing ''-(а)нҟыл-'' and the conditional tense by suffixing ''-(а)нкыжд-''. | |||
This construction originates from the grammaticalization of the Old Norse auxiliary verb ''skulu'' suffixed to the Masdar before being reanalyzed as a tense marker. | |||
The independent form of this verb became the future and conditional stems of the copula ''гваран'', respectively ''ҟыл-'' and ''кыжд-''. | |||
These independent stems are sometimes used for the verb ''гаран'' 'to do' in casual conversation, but this is not standard usage. | |||
The future tense is not used to mark imminent or near-future events. | |||
Using the future tense for such events makes one sound impatient. | |||
==== Person marking, mood, masdar, and participles ==== | |||
All Syzkyn verbs must take a suffix to mark the person and number of the verb's subject or a suffix to indicate that the verb is not finite. | |||
The below set of subject markers is used for almost all verbs in the indicative mood. | |||
Remarkably, they are derived from the standard ''subjunctive'' personal markers of Old Norse, which were also applied to weak verbs in the past tense. | |||
A consequence of this is that number is not distinguished in the third person due to the collapse of vowel fronting and rounding distinctions. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Person Marking | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! First Person | |||
| -а | |||
| -(ы)м | |||
|- | |||
! Second Person | |||
| -(ы)р | |||
| -(ы)з | |||
|- | |||
! Third Person | |||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" | -(ы) | |||
|} | |||
Much like the pronoun ''ир'', the second person plural can be used for a singular subject in formal or respectful speech. | |||
The imperative endings are the same as the indicative endings, except the 2SG ending is null. | |||
There are three primary non-finite constructions in Syzkyn. | |||
The most basic is the '''masdar''', a verbal noun formed with the suffix ''-(а)н'' on the present stem, which is thought to have descended from the definite article being suffixed to the Old Norse infinitive. | |||
There are also two participles, both inherited from Old Norse. | |||
The '''present participle''' is formed by the suffix ''-анды'' on the present stem of all verbs. | |||
The '''past participle''' suffix varies by verb type: strong verbs use the suffix ''-(ы)н'', while weak verbs have a null suffix on the past stem. | |||
==== Reflexive ==== | |||
The suffix ''-шы'', derived from the accusative form of the Old Norse reflexive pronoun ''sik'' marks the mediopassive voice on a Syzkyn verb, which is used for reciprocal, reflexive, or passive actions. | |||
==== Complementizers, relativizers, and converbs ==== | |||
Syzkyn employs various suffixes to convey relative or complementary phrases on verbs, as well as for converbs to illustrate sequences of events enacted by the same subject. | |||
The following suffixes for relative and complementary verbs are suffixed to pr | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Suffix | |||
! Function | |||
! Etymology | |||
|- | |||
| -сым | |||
| Relative clause (modifying a head noun) | |||
| Old East Norse ''sum'' (relative pronoun) | |||
|- | |||
| -зу | |||
| Concessive/contrastive | |||
| Old Norse ''þó'' | |||
|- | |||
| -мы | |||
| Conditional (precondition for primary verb) | |||
| Old Norse ''um'' | |||
|- | |||
| -(а)ҭ | |||
| Clausal nominalizer | |||
| Old Norse ''at'' | |||
|- | |||
| -цви | |||
| Causal | |||
| Old Norse ''því'' | |||
|} | |||
There are three converbs, indicated by suffixes on nonfinite forms. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Converb | |||
! Suffix | |||
! Nonfinite form | |||
! Etymology | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| Imperfective | |||
| -о | |||
| Present participle | |||
| Old Norse ''á'' 'in, on' | |||
| Overwrites final ''-ы'' | |||
|- | |||
| Perfective | |||
| -твыр | |||
| Masdar | |||
| Old Norse ''aptir'' 'after' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| Alternative | |||
| -ҵажи | |||
| Masdar | |||
| ON ''stað(i)'' 'place, stead' + ON ''í'' 'in' | |||
| Marks an action the subject forwent in favor of that marked by the finite verb | |||
|} | |} | ||