Tevrés: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
===Agreement===
===Agreement===
Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, and the patient, theme, or recipient is in the dative-accusative case. When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the ergative-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. In both of these cases, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped. If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).  The chart below details how arguments align in each paradigm.


{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
|-
! Verb paradigm:
! Verb paradigm:
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| ✔︎
| ✔︎
|}
|}
Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient and theme are in the accusative-dative case, and the recipient is in the indirect-ablative.  Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped.  However, it can be added for emphasis.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevresso ovejo
| Tevrés-ACC speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.ACC.SG salva-ACC.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ļanan çaste llos rieles me
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}
When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient.  The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijeña hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijen-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijen sent me a new cap'}}
If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajoto
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çava avro lla çella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}


It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.
It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.
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|-  
|-  
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''pruver''''' (to steal)
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-  
|-  
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
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