4,932
edits
Tevrés: Difference between revisions
→Case
(→Case) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
(→Case) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| Line 278: | Line 278: | ||
===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
==== Direct-Genitive Case ==== | |||
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:Genitive case|genitive]] case is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the direct verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb. | The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:Genitive case|genitive]] case is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the direct verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb. | ||
| Line 301: | Line 303: | ||
| 1SG-DG.EMP see-EA.1SG DEF-T.ERG.SG priest-EA.SG | | 1SG-DG.EMP see-EA.1SG DEF-T.ERG.SG priest-EA.SG | ||
|'The priest sees me'}} | |'The priest sees me'}} | ||
The absolutive sense of the direct-genitive case is limited primarily to the first and second person pronouns, as their patient status is what triggers the ergative paradigm. However, there are cases where the absolutive sense might be used by other nouns. The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person. | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| tego uy rēs sevol nen me | |||
| 1SG-DG DEF-T.DG.SG king-DG.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-EA INTERR | |||
| You would kill me, the king?}} | |||
Some argue that this is not a true absolutive, rather a genitive applicative as in Japanese or Ancient Greek. One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped. However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an absolutive meaning, as they must agree with the head. | |||
:{{interlinear | box = yes | |||
| tego ne queñid sevol nen me | |||
| 1SG-DG 2SG-DA love-PFV.PTCP-T.DG.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-EA INTERR | |||
| You would kill me, who loved you?}} | |||
The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example. When the direct-genitive is used in this way, it is glossed {{interlinear|GEN}}. Furthermore, the definite article ''uy'' in these cases is usually reduced in fast speech and pronounced [i]. | The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example. When the direct-genitive is used in this way, it is glossed {{interlinear|GEN}}. Furthermore, the definite article ''uy'' in these cases is usually reduced in fast speech and pronounced [i]. | ||
| Line 329: | Line 345: | ||
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res''<br>the army sent after the king | | ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res''<br>the army sent after the king | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== Dative-Accusative Case ==== | |||
The [[w:Dative case|dative]]-[[w:Accusative case|accusative]] case is used to mark the patient (also called the object) of transitive verbs, and both the theme (direct object) and recipient (indirect object) of ditransitive verbs. While in theory the overlap of these two roles may lead to confusion, in practice confusion is rare, and usually resolved via context. In cases where resolution of ambiguity is necessary the preposition ''a'' (''alo'' or ''alon'') with the definite article) may be used to mark the indirect object. | The [[w:Dative case|dative]]-[[w:Accusative case|accusative]] case is used to mark the patient (also called the object) of transitive verbs, and both the theme (direct object) and recipient (indirect object) of ditransitive verbs. While in theory the overlap of these two roles may lead to confusion, in practice confusion is rare, and usually resolved via context. In cases where resolution of ambiguity is necessary the preposition ''a'' (''alo'' or ''alon'') with the definite article) may be used to mark the indirect object. | ||