Tevrés

Tevrés
Hileranos
lla çira tevressa
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ʎaˈs̻iɾa tevˈɾes̺a]]
Created by	Limius
Setting	Avrid
Native to	Tevrén
Ethnicity	Tevor
Native speakers	12 million (83NIA)
Language family	Maro-Ephenian Iscaric Aeranid Southeast Epheno-Aeranid Hilero-Aeranid Tevrés
Early forms	Proto-Maro-Ephenian Proto-Iscaric Aeranir Old Tevrés
Dialects	Southern King's Court Northern
Official status
Official language in	Tevrén
Regulated by	lla Axes llos Rendre

Tevrés (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as Hileranos (/ileˈɾãnos̺/), or the Tevren Language (lla çira tevressa) is an Aeranid Language originating in the Çien-uy-Tevrén region of northern Hileria, and has around 12 million speakers throughout the nation of Tevrén, where it is the official language, as well as another 100 thousand speakers in Fasser.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BNIA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BNIA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Azcotive and Lludazfassín. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-lli-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BNIA into Tevrén Vuy.

Tevrés is closely related to the Hilero-Vallic group of languages in the north east, such as Morrazol. It is less related to Ilesse, which is spoken in the region of Ilea. Nevertheless, these languages are often conflated under the banner of 'Tevrés,' or more specifically 'Hileranos.'

Name of the Language

The word tevrés descends from Aeranir tibōris (stress shifted to match accusative tibōrissin), referring to the Tiborer, an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire. The Tiborer also lent their name to Tevrén, from tibōrāniun.

All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as tevrés. The term hileranos is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called lla çira vuya (proper language), llos tevrés vuis (proper Tevrés), or vuyanos in order to differentiate it from other hilerandre languages.

History

Old Tevrés

Old Tevrés refers to the Aeranid language spoken throughout Hileria before the Fasser invasion and throughout its high period.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial	Coronal			Palatal or postalveolar	Velar
			Lamino- dental	Apico- alveolar	Lateral
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/		ñ /ɲ/
Plosive		p /p/	t /t̪/			ch /tʃ/	c, qu /k/
Voiced non-sibilant fricative		v, b /v/	d /ð/			y, hi /ʝ/	g, gu /ɣ/
Sibilant	voiceless	f /f/	ç-, -ç-, -z /s̻/	s-, -ss-, -s /s̺/	tl-, -tll-, -tl /ɬ/	x /ʃ~x~h/
	voiced		-z- /z̻/	-s- /z̺/	-tl- /ɮ/	j, g /ʒ~ɣ~ɦ/
Rhotic	trill			r-, -rr- /r/
	tap			-r-, -r /ɾ/
Approximate		(hu) (/w/)			l /l/	ll /ʎ/	(hu) (/w/)

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i /i/		u /u/
Mid	e /e̞/		o /o̞/
Open		a /ä/

Nouns

Gender

Tevrés nouns are divided into three genders, all of which are directly inherited from Aeranir. These known as the temporary, cyclical, and eternal genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

• llos gomos rayos quiez = The small person is falling. (temporary)
• lla tlana raya quiga = The small flower is falling. (cyclical)
• uy prédio rayo qui = The small pen is falling. (eternal)

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

Case

A regular noun in Tevrés belongs to one of three basic declension classes, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. These classes are generally typified by the final vowel of the nominative and accusative cases. Class I is identified by the letter -a, class II by -o, and class III by either an -e or a consonant. However, there is significant variation within declension classes, and thus these are further divided into subclasses.

There are five Tevrés noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections. These cases display a high degree of syncretism, or identical endings shared between different cases. This causes ambiguity, which is usually resolved either by use of articles, prepositions, context, or all of the above. Some cases, such as the genitive, are used almost exclusively with the definite article; in indefinite constructions, the ablative plus the preposition el ("from") is used: lla çella uy gom ("the wumbo's cat") versus lla çella el goma ("a/some wumbo's cat"), alongside lla çella gom.

Tevrés syntax is far less dependant on word order than English because of these cases. Thus "the dog chases the cat" may be either llos çievre lla çella cossa or lla çella llos çievre cossa.

1. Nominative — used when the noun is the subject. The person or thing acting: the cat ran: lla çella cotllía
2. Accusative — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject. The person or thing acted upon: the wumbo drank the water: lla goma lla ota teuta
3. Dative — used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, or otherwise then the noun is effected by the action. It may also be used for direction or location of movement or action; I gave a cat to my friend: garino tuyo çella teçía; The cat went home: lla çella como vía
4. Genitive — used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object: "the horse of the wumbo", or "the wumbo's horse"; in both instances, the word man would be in the genitive case when it is translated into Tevrés. It may also indicate the subject of a subjunctive clause; the wumbo's cat: lla çella uy gom; Avil likes the çat Huezco bought him: ável lla çella huez cota meyes
5. Ablative — used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument; the cat ran from the dog: lla çella lla çievra cotllía

Class I

Nouns in class I end in -a in both the nominative and accusative singular cases and are mostly cyclical e.g. llaesta c.("luck") and pira c. ("wax"), with a small group of temporary nouns generally referring to occupations, e.g. coxazga t. ("courier").

Class I.a. represents the dominant paradigm of the declension. Class I.b. is the result of the regular sound change of final -o to -e after a coronal consonant, merging the dative and genitive, but is otherwise identical to I.a.. Class I.c. is notable for epenthesis, or the introduction of a sound, to the root in the nominative and dative plurals.

The singular genitive and plural accusative froms of frema, frem, also demonstrate the regular apocope, or dropping, of final unstressed -e after a sonorant or -d.

Class I.a.

	salva c. book, tome
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	salva	salvra
Accusative		salve
Dative	salvo	salvra
Genitive	salve	salvos
Ablative	salva	salvas

Class I.b.

	ota c. water
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ota	otra
Accusative		ote
Dative	ote	otra
Genitive		otos
Ablative	ota	otas

Class I.c.

	frema c. word, speech
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	frema	frembra
Accusative		frem
Dative	fremo	frembra
Genitive	frem	fremos
Ablative	frema	fremas

Class II

Nouns in class II generally end in -os/-o in the nominative singular and -e in the genitive singular, although these endings are often elided in classes II.b., II.c., and II.d., and are mostly temporary and eternal nouns, e.g. comos t. ("family"), goros t. ("crow"), miño e. ("port"), and jozés e. ("name, title").

Classes II.b. and II.c. are analogous to classes I.b. and I.c.. Classes II.d. depends from Aeranir temporary nouns ending in -er in the nominative singular and -run in the accusative. Both of these, along with dative singular -rō and nominative singular -rur were levelled in Tevrés to -re, causing most cases, especially in the singular, to merge.

Class II.a.

	dievos t. lord, master		apo e. year, age
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dievos	dievre	apo	apon
Accusative	dievo	dieve
Dative		dievra		apra
Genitive	dieve	dievos	ape	apos
Ablative	dieva		apa

Class II.b.

	cuentos t. rear, butt		llente e. country, land
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	cuentos	cuentre	llente	llenton
Accusative	cuente	cuente
Dative		cuentra		llentra
Genitive		cuentos		llentos
Ablative	cuenta		llenta

Class II.c.

	romos t. cow, ox		pejo e. city, town
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	romos	rombre	pejo	pejon
Accusative	romo	rom
Dative		rombra		peldra
Genitive	rom	romos	pex	pejos
Ablative	roma		peja

Class II.d.

	avre t. fish		sadre e. dark, black, blot
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	avre	avre	sadre	sadron
Accusative
Dative		avra		sadra
Genitive		avros		sadros
Ablative	avra		sadra

Class III

Nouns in class III are the most divergent, and there is great variation in this group and even within its subclasses. Nouns in Class III may be either temporary, cyclical, or eternal, and it is difficult to discern the gender from the word from alone; they must be memorised individually. For example, many temporary nouns are identical in both the nominative and accusative singulars. Words in this category include mientre t. ("little brother"), salvra c. ("holy books, cannon"), véral c. ("sorrow, grief"), and dul e. ("hill").

Subclasses III.a. and III.d. represent the most stable group, the later marked by the differentiation of the aforementioned nominative and accusative cases. Nouns in class III.b. are notable for their alternate nominative singular root, although stresses remains on the same syllable. III.c. is analogous to classes I.c. and II.c. in their root epenthesis in the nominative and dative plurals. Nouns in class III.e. are similar to those in III.b, in that they display a variant root in the nominative singular, however in the later stress is changed in the new root, often times to syllables that are deleted in oblique forms.

Finally, nouns in class III.f. break entirely from the other paradigms, and are occasionally categorised as their own class (class IV), descending from Aeranir e-stem nouns. However, the Axes llos Rendre groups it into class III. These nouns are notable for having a distinct nominative singular, but all other singular cases are merged.

Class III.a.

	ave e. sun
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ave	aven
Accusative
Dative		avra
Genitive	aves	avre
Ablative	ave	aves

Class III.b.

	res t. king, ruler
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	res	rendre
Accusative	ren	ren
Dative		rendra
Genitive	renes	rendre
Ablative	ren	renes

Class III.c.

	tevrés t.
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	tevrés	tevresdre
Accusative		tevrés
Dative		tevresdra
Genitive	tevresses	tevresdre
Ablative	tevrés	tevresses

Class III.d.

	huertes c. death
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	huertes	huertre
Accusative	huerte	huerte
Dative		huertra
Genitive	huertes	huertre
Ablative	huerte	huertes

Class III.e.

	sadiercas c. darkness
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sadiercas	sarcadre
Accusative	sarcad	sarcad
Dative		sarcadra
Genitive	sarcades	sarcadre
Ablative	sarcad	sarcades

Class III.f.

	cieres t. silk
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	cieres	cier
Accusative	cier
Dative		cierra
Genitive		cieres
Ablative

Articles

Temporary

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	llos	de
Accusative	uy/ul	lli
Dative	llo	da
Genitive	lli	llos
Ablative	lla

Cyclical

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lla	da
Accusative		uy/ul
Dative	llo	da
Genitive	uy/ul	llos
Ablative	lla	llas

Eternal

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	uy/ul	llon
Accusative
Dative	llo	da
Genitive	lli	llos
Ablative	lla

Verbs

Present Tense

ír-verb sevír

		present		progressive		preterite		subjunctive
		singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		sievez	sevimos	sevientío	sevientimbre	seupez	seupím	sepaz	sepamos
2nd person		sieve	sevís	sevientiste	sevientire	seupe	seupíd	sepa	sepáis
3rd person	temporary	sieves	sieven	sevientír		seupes	seupen	sepas	sepan
	cyclical	sieva		sevientirra		seupa		sepa
	eternal	sieve		sevientír		seupe		sepe

Lexicon

Tevrés Lexicon.