Tigol/Morphology
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Tigol is a highly inflected, fusional language, unlike modern Eevo. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Tigol. However, Tigol is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.
Nouns
Do the Ciêng indep/dep thing
Noun class markers
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verb prefixes
Preverb prefixes
Prefixes:
- ar-: on, at
- (deut.) as-: telic
- (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at
- é-: with, co-
- fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly
- for-: causative, through
- (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back
- (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out
- ro-: down
- sol-: a causative
- (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards
- (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back
- (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from
Object prefixes
Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
Verb TAMs
Tigol inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Tigol displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
- Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯m/ 'he prays', ía·tús /iːəˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tus)
- Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somai̯m/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ía·soṁa /iːəˈsoma/ 'he does not find' (modern sov)
- Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ía·assaċ /iːəˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove'
- Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. de·arcoḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobym 'at-on-bear'), ía·dérb /iːəˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern Eevo deerv)
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
Present
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsain < tússanis ia·tús < nīs tússan |
soṁain < somynis ia·soṁ < nīs somyn |
as·tóċan < astósācon ia·assaċ < nīs ástosācon |
dor·coḃ ia·dérb |
| 2SG | túsair < tússaris ia·túsar < nīs tússar |
soṁair < somyris ia·soṁar < nīs somyr |
as·tóċar < astósācor ia·assaċar < nīs ástosācor |
dor·coḃar ia·dérbar |
| 3SG.M | túsaiṁ < tússamis ia·tús < nīs tússam |
soṁaiṁ < somymis ia·soṁ < nīs somym |
as·tóċ < astósācom ia·assaċ < nīs ástosācom |
dor·coḃ ia·dérb |
| 3SG.F | túsaé < tússasis ia·túsaé < nīs tússasi |
soṁaé < somysis ia·soṁaé < nīs somysi |
as·tóċaé < astósācosi ia·assaċaé < nīs ástosācosi |
dor·coḃaé ia·dérbaé |
| 3SG.N | tús < tússas ia·tús < nīs tússa |
soiṁ < somis ia·soṁ < nīs somy |
as·tóċ < astósācos ia·assaċ < nīs ástosāco |
dor·coḃ ia·dérb |
| 1EX | túsmae < tússamēs ia·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē |
sommae < somymēs ia·soṁaiṁ < nīs somymē |
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē ia·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē |
dor·coḃaiṁ ia·dérbaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsait < tússantis ia·túsat < nīs tússant |
soṁait < somyntis ia·soṁat < nīs somynt |
as·tóċat < astósācont ia·assaċat < nīs ástosācont |
dor·coḃat ia·dérbat |
| 2PL | túsaisc < tússasces ia·túsaisc < nīs tússasce |
soṁaisc < somysces ia·soṁasc < nīs somysce |
as·tóċaisc < astósācosce ia·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce |
dor·coḃaisc ia·dérbaisc |
| 3PL | túsaiḋ < tússatis ia·túsaḋ < nīs tússat |
soṁaiḋ < somytis ia·soṁaḋ < nīs somyt |
as·tóċaḋ < astósācot ia·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot |
dor·coḃaḋ ia·dérbaḋ |
Imperfect
The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | téussain < tétussanis ia·téuss < nīs tétussan |
séṁain < sésomynis ia·séṁ < nīs sésomyn |
as·tecc ia·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ia·dercob |
| 2SG | téussair < tétussaris ia·téussar < nīs tétussar |
séṁair < somyris ia·séṁar < nīs sésomyr |
as·teccar ia·astóċar |
dor·coġḃar ia·dercobar |
| 3SG.M | téussaiṁ < tétussamis ia·téuss < nīs tétussam |
séṁaiṁ < sésomymis ia·séṁ < nīs sésomym |
as·tecc ia·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ia·dercob |
| 3SG.F | téussaé < tétussasis ia·téussaé < nīs tétussasi |
séṁaé < sésomysis ia·séṁaé < nīs sésomysi |
as·teccaé ia·astóċaé |
dor·coġḃaé ia·dercobaé |
| 3SG.N | téuss < tétussas ia·téuss < nīs tétussa |
séṁ < sésomis ia·séṁ < nīs sésomy |
as·tecc ia·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ia·dercob |
| 1EX | téussaiṁ < tétussamēs ia·téussaiṁ < nīs tétussamē |
sémmae < sésomymēs ia·séṁaiṁ < nīs sésomymē |
as·teccaiṁ ia·astóċaiṁ |
dor·coġḃaiṁ ia·dercobaiṁ |
| 1IN | téussait < tétussantis ia·téussat < nīs tétussant |
séṁait < sésomyntis ia·séṁat < nīs sésomynt |
as·teccat ia·astóċat |
dor·coġḃat ia·dercobat |
| 2PL | téussaisc < tétussasces ia·téussaisc < nīs tétussasce |
séṁaisc < sésomysces ia·soṁasc < nīs sésomysce |
as·teccaisc ia·astóċaisc |
dor·coġḃaisc ia·dercobaisc |
| 3PL | téussaiḋ < tétussatis ia·téussaḋ < nīs tétussat |
séṁaiḋ < sésomytis ia·séṁaḋ < nīs sésomyt |
as·teccaḋ ia·astóċaḋ |
dor·coġḃaḋ ia·dercobaḋ |
Preterite
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsaidh < tússadīs ia·túsaidh < nīs tússadī |
siṁidh < simidīs ia·siṁidh < nīs simidī |
as·tóċaidh < astósācādī ia·assaċaidh < nīs ástosācādī |
dor·ciḃid ia·déirbid |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavoes ia·túsaí < nīs tússavoe |
siṁí < simivoes ia·siṁí < nīs simivoe |
as·tóċaí < astósācovoe ia·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovoe |
dor·ciḃí ia·déirbí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ia·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
siṁim < simismis ia·siṁim < nīs simismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmi ia·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ia·déirbim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ia·túsais < nīs tússasti |
siṁis < simistis ia·siṁis < nīs simisti |
as·tóċais < astósācosti ia·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ia·déirbis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ia·túsá < nīs tússaso |
siṁeo < simisos ia·siṁeo < nīs simiso |
as·tóċá < astósācoso ia·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ia·déirbeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ia·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
simmir < simimeris ia·simmer < nīs simimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomer ia·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ia·déirbmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ia·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
siṁdir < siminteris ia·siṁder < nīs siminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconter ia·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ia·déirbder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ia·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
siṁscir < simisceris ia·siṁscer < nīs simisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ia·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ia·déirbscer |
| 3PL | túsbair < tússabris ia·túsbar < nīs tússaber |
siṁbir < simiberis ia·siṁber < nīs simiberis |
as·tóċḃar < astósācober ia·assaċḃar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciber ia·déirber |
Future
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsṫain < tússatēnis ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēn |
sóitin < sontēnis ia·sóit < nīs sontēn |
as·tóċtan ia·assaċt |
dor·coċtan ia·derċtan |
| 2SG | túsṫair < tússatēris ia·túsṫar < nīs tússatēr |
sóitir < sontēris ia·sóiter < nīs sontēr |
as·tóċtar ia·assaċtar |
dor·coċtar ia·derċtar |
| 3SG.M | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēm |
sóitiṁ < sontēmis ia·sóit < nīs somym |
as·tóċt ia·assaċt |
dor·coċt ia·derċt |
| 3SG.F | túsṫaé < tússatēsis ia·túsṫaé < nīs tússatēsi |
sóité < sontēsis ia·sóité < nīs somysi |
as·tóċtaé ia·assaċtaé |
dor·coċtaé ia·derċtaé |
| 3SG.N | túsaiḋ < tússatēs ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatē |
sóit < sontēs ia·sóit < nīs sontē |
as·tóċt ia·assaċt |
dor·coċt ia·derċt |
| 1EX | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs túsṫaiṁ < nīs tússatēmē |
sóitiṁ < sontēmēs ia·sóiteṁ < nīs sontēm |
as·tóċtaiṁ ia·assaċtaiṁ |
dor·coċtaiṁ ia·derċtaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsṫait < tússatēntis ia·túsṫat < nīs tússatēnt |
sóitit < sontēntis ia·sóitet < nīs sontēnt |
as·tóċtat ia·assaċtat |
dor·coċtat ia·derċtat |
| 2PL | túsṫaisc < tússatēsces ia·túsṫaisc < nīs tússatēsce |
sóitisc < sontēsces ia·sóitisc < nīs sontēsce |
as·tóċtaisc ia·assaċtaisc |
dor·coċtaisc ia·derċtaisc |
| 3PL | túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis ia·túsṫaḋ < nīs tússatēt |
sóitiḋ < sontētis ia·sóiteḋ < nīs sontēt |
as·tóċtaḋ ia·assaċtaḋ |
dor·coċtaḋ ia·derċtaḋ |
Present subjunctive
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnae < tússānaes dá·ṫúsnae < δā tússānae |
soṁnae < somnaes dá·shoṁnae < δā somnae |
as·tóċnae dá·assaċnae |
dor·coċnae dá·derċnae |
| 2SG | túsrae < tussāraes dá·ṫúsṫar < δā tússārae |
soṁrae < somraes dá·shoṁrae < δā somrae |
as·tóċrae dá·assaċrae |
dor·coċrae dá·derċrae |
| 3SG.M | túsmair < tússamioris dá·ṫúsmar < δā tússamior |
soimmir < sommioris dá·shoimmer < δā sommior |
as·tóċmar dá·assaċmar |
dor·coċmar dá·derċmar |
| 3SG.F | túsaéir < tússasioris dá·ṫúsaér < δā tússasior |
soimir < somsioris dá·shoimer < δā somsior |
as·tóċaér dá·assaċaér |
dor·coċaér dá·derċaér |
| 3SG.N | túsair < tússaoris dá·ṫúsar < δā tússaor |
soiṁir < somioris dá·shoiṁer < δā somior |
as·tóċar dá·assaċar |
dor·coċar dá·derċar |
| 1EX | túsṁae < tússāmaes dá·ṫúsṁae < δā tússāmae |
sommae < sommaes dá·sommae < δā sommae |
as·tóċmae dá·assaċmae |
dor·coċmae dá·derċmae |
| 1IN | túsdae < tússāntaes dá·ṫúsdae < δā tússāntae |
soṁadae < somyntaes dá·soṁadae < δā somyntae |
as·tóċdae ia·assaċdae |
dor·coċdae dá·derċdae |
| 2PL | túscae < tussāscaes dá·ṫúscae < δā tussāscae |
soṁascae < somyscaes dá·soṁascae < δā somyscae |
as·tóċscae ia·assaċscae |
dor·coċscae dá·derċscae |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tussātioris dá·ṫúsṫair < δā tussātior |
soiṁṫir < somtioris dá·soiṁṫer < δā somtior |
as·tóċṫair dá·assaċṫair |
dor·coċtar dá·derċtar |
Past subjunctive
Gets mixed up with future in descendants.