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Togarmite: Difference between revisions
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|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] | |setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = Þėgamiþ | ||
|pronunciation = / | |pronunciation = /θegamiθ/ | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
|states = | |states = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Togarmite''' ('' | '''Togarmite''' (''þėgamiþ'' /θegamiθ/ or ''ha lysėn ha þėgami'' /ha ˈləsenən ha θegami/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian. | ||
Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the [[Verse:Lõis/Levantine sprachbund|Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund]], in common with [[L-Persian]], [[Padmanábha]] and [[Time Traveler English|English]]: | Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the [[Verse:Lõis/Levantine sprachbund|Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund]], in common with [[L-Persian]], [[Padmanábha]] and [[Time Traveler English|English]]: | ||
*Grimm's law: The Old Togarmite aspirated stops ''φ θ χ'' (from Proto-Semitic *p t k) generally become spirants /f θ x/ | *Grimm's law: The Old Togarmite aspirated stops ''φ θ χ'' (from Proto-Semitic *p t k) generally become spirants /f θ x/. | ||
*loss of grammatical gender | *loss of grammatical gender | ||
*loss of the passive binyanim | *loss of the passive binyanim | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet, called ''ha | Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet, called ''ha albėþ'' (after the first 2 letters). | ||
The abjadi letter names: | The abjadi letter names: | ||
''al, | ''al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jėd, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, þau'' | ||
==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative/Conjunctive | !|Nominative/Conjunctive | ||
|''nėx''||'' | |''nėx''||''aþ''||''eþ''||''hu''||''hi''||''že''||''nan''||''adøm''||''høm'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Objective/Disjunctive | !|Objective/Disjunctive | ||
|'' | |''þi''||''þax''||''þex''||''þau''||''þa''||''þež''||''þanė''||''þaxøm''||''þaum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Possessive | !|Possessive | ||
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|''afi''||''afax''||''afex''||''afau''||''afa''||''afež''||''afnė''||''afxøm''||''afaum'' | |''afi''||''afax''||''afex''||''afau''||''afa''||''afež''||''afnė''||''afxøm''||''afaum'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The plural pronouns '' | The plural pronouns ''aþøm'' and ''høm'' can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English ''they''. | ||
===Demonstrative=== | ===Demonstrative=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! this | ! this | ||
|colspan=3|''žini'' (sg); ''elini'' (pl) || ''hen'' || ''heno'' || ''me hen'' || '' | |colspan=3|''žini'' (sg); ''elini'' (pl) || ''hen'' || ''heno'' || ''me hen'' || ''ȝeþo'' | ||
|rowspan="2"| ''xė; xamxė'' | |rowspan="2"| ''xė; xamxė'' | ||
|rowspan="2"| ''šøm''; ''me hen'' | |rowspan="2"| ''šøm''; ''me hen'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! all; every | ! all; every | ||
| ''xøl bašar; | | ''xøl bašar; xølhad'' || ''xøl tbar'' || ''xøl'' || ''xølein'' || ''xøleino'' || ''me xølein'' || ''xølam'' || ''xølad darxy'' || ''-'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! any | ! any | ||
| ''nux bašar'' || ''nux tbar'' || ''nux'' || ''nuxein'' || ''nuxeino'' || ''me nuxein'' || ''xølam'' | | ''nux bašar'' || ''nux tbar'' || ''nux'' || ''nuxein'' || ''nuxeino'' || ''me nuxein'' || ''xølam'' | ||
|| ''nux | || ''nux darxy'' || ''my nux sebt'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! some | ! some | ||
| ''bil bašar'' || ''bil tbar'' || ''bil '' || ''bilein'' || ''bileino'' || ''me bilein'' || ''ly zman''; ''bil zman'' | | ''bil bašar'' || ''bil tbar'' || ''bil '' || ''bilein'' || ''bileino'' || ''me bilein'' || ''ly zman''; ''bil zman'' | ||
|| ''bil | || ''bil darxy'' || ''my bil sebt'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! none | ! none | ||
| ''lėm bašar'' || ''lėm tbar'' || ''lėm'' || ''lėmein'' || ''lėmeino'' || ''me lėmein'' || ''lėfȝam'' | | ''lėm bašar'' || ''lėm tbar'' || ''lėm'' || ''lėmein'' || ''lėmeino'' || ''me lėmein'' || ''lėfȝam'' | ||
|| ''lėm | || ''lėm darxy'' || ''my lėm sebt'' || ''-'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic: | Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic: | ||
*''žini | *''žini beiþ'' 'this house' | ||
*''eli | *''eli beiþi'' 'those houses' | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+'' | |+''þėgami'' 'Togarmite' | ||
! || singular || plural | ! || singular || plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| '' | | ''þėgam'''i''''' || ''þėgam'''ije''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+'' | |+''heta'' 'sin' | ||
! || singular || plural | ! || singular || plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| '' | | ''het'''a''''' || ''het'''es''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns. | Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns. | ||
A regular adjective: '' | A regular adjective: ''gdėl'' 'big' has plural ''gdėli''. | ||
===Degree=== | ===Degree=== | ||
Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle ''šøm'' is used for 'than'. | Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle ''šøm'' is used for 'than'. | ||
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*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present | *Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present | ||
**The ''y-'' prefix is not used when the verb is negated: ''nėx | **The ''y-'' prefix is not used when the verb is negated: ''nėx yxėþøb'' 'I write', ''nėx lė xėþøb'' 'I don't write'. | ||
*Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem, via analogy | *Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem, via analogy | ||
*Imperative | *Imperative | ||
**The imperative is negated with ''alt'': '' | **The imperative is negated with ''alt'': ''Xøþøb!'' 'write!', ''Alt xøþøb!'' 'don't write!' | ||
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim | *w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim | ||
*Infinitive | *Infinitive | ||
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The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative. | The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative. | ||
===Binyanim=== | ===Binyanim=== | ||
Modern Togarmite inherits all 7 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The '' | Modern Togarmite inherits all 7 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''þy-'' of Binyan 6 (''dyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however, so Binyan 6 can be analyzed as a result of ''þy-'' added to ''faȝel'' verbs, rather than as a binyan in its own right. | ||
====Binyan 1: ''føȝøl''==== | ====Binyan 1: ''føȝøl''==== | ||
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''xøþøb'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''tøȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel. | This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''xøþøb'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''tøȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: '' | |+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''xøþøb'' 'write' | ||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | ||