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Togarmite: Difference between revisions
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'''Togarmite''' (''Þėgamiþ'' /θegamiθ/ or ''yn lysėn Þėgami'') is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian. | '''Togarmite''' (''Þėgamiþ'' /θegamiθ/ or ''yn lysėn Þėgami'') is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian. | ||
Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the [[Verse:Lõis/Levantine sprachbund|Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund]], in common with [[L-Persian]], [[ | Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the [[Verse:Lõis/Levantine sprachbund|Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund]], in common with [[L-Persian]], [[Padmanābha]] and [[Time Traveler English|English]]: | ||
*Grimm's law: The Old Togarmite aspirated stops ''φ θ χ'' (from Proto-Semitic *p t k) generally become spirants /f θ x/. | *Grimm's law: The Old Togarmite aspirated stops ''φ θ χ'' (from Proto-Semitic *p t k) generally become spirants /f θ x/. | ||
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|| ''lėm darxy'' || ''my lėm sebt'' || ''-'' | || ''lėm darxy'' || ''my lėm sebt'' || ''-'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic | Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic. | ||
*''žini | *''žini beiþ'' 'this house' | ||
*''eli | *''eli beiþi'' 'those houses' | ||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''xalby'' 'dog' | ||
! || singular || plural | ! || singular || plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| '' | | ''xalby'' || ''xlab'''i''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| ''apolož'''a''''' || ''apolož'''es''''' | | ''apolož'''a''''' || ''apolož'''es''''' | ||
|- | |||
! definite | |||
| ''apolož'''an''''' || ''apolož'''ėþil''''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| ''þėm'''a''''' || ''þėm'''es''''' / ''þėm'''ata''''' | | ''þėm'''a''''' || ''þėm'''es''''' / ''þėm'''ata''''' | ||
|- | |||
! definite | |||
| ''þėm'''an''''' || ''þėmė'''þil''''' / ''þėmat'''aþil''''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| ''het'''a''''' || ''het'''es''''' | | ''het'''a''''' || ''het'''es''''' | ||
|- | |||
! definite | |||
| ''het'''an''''' || ''het'''ėþil''''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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*''Halex wyfė li '''iþ''' šlėšt xlabi, wy ȝeþo lėš li '''iþ''' nux.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any. | *''Halex wyfė li '''iþ''' šlėšt xlabi, wy ȝeþo lėš li '''iþ''' nux.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any. | ||
*'' | *''Yn dėrest li ryšė li '''iþ''' ȝyšėþ rab þamuni beiþ.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework. | ||
===Questions=== | ===Questions=== | ||
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For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are two strategies like in English: | For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are two strategies like in English: | ||
*In informal Togarmite, the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': '' | *In informal Togarmite, the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''yn gabry ly xi nėx yþen yn maþan'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English. | ||
*In formal Togarmite, the preposition goes to the end of the clause: '' | *In formal Togarmite, the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''yn gabry xi nėx yþen yn maþan ly'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause. | ||
*A combination of both strategies can be used: '' | *A combination of both strategies can be used: ''yn gabry ly xi nėx yþen yn maþan ly'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'. | ||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
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I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it. | I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it. | ||
''II: | ''II: Yn šanuj in yn þyȝþik lid gaf še myþxøni l' øþisin yn møþyfacar ȝal yn gaf; w' yn šanuj kėrė darxan yn kau þykin žė ži øþisin še møþyfacar ȝal.'' | ||
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. | II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. | ||