Togarmite

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Togarmite
Þėgamiþ
Pronunciation[/θegamiθ/]
Created byIlL
SettingLõis
Afro-Asiatic

Togarmite (Þėgamiþ /θegamiθ/ or lysėnyn þėgamijyn /ˈləsenən θegamijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew and Knánith. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology and binyanim of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some grammatical restructuring, taking features of the Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund, with L-Persian, Modern An Bhlaoighne and English:

  • loss of grammatical gender
  • loss of the passive binyanim
  • loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
  • the use of the w-form (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive future) for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe

Todo

  • gdėl = big
  • kdės = (formal, mathematics) specific, particular, chosen (not arbitrary)
  • Kabšyn wy frasel /xabʃən və fɾasel/ = The sheep and the horses

History

The Old Togarmite name for the language, Θėgammīθ, is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *Tāgarma. The name Togarmah from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people Θηγαρμικοί and Thegarmici respectively.) The name of the language shows the most striking feature of Togarmite, the shift of Proto-Semitic ā to ė /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ā > [o:] occuring in its close relative Hebrew.

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 23 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p/ during the Old Togarmite stage from adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. parkes 'to act', from Ancient Greek praxis.

  • m n /m n/
  • p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
  • b d g /b d g/
  • f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
  • w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
  • l r j /l r j/

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/

ai au /ai øy/

ai and au are often merged to /e ø/. Some dialects pronounce au as /y/.

Stress

Stress is always penultimate.

Orthography

Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet.

The abjadi letter names: al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jėþ, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, tau

Pronouns

Personal

Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns.

I thou (m.) thou (f.) he she it we you (pl.) they
Nominative nėx hu hi že nanė aþøm høm
Objective þi þax þex þau þa þež þanė þaxøm þaum
Possessive li lax lex lau la lež lanė laxøm laum
Reflexive/Intensive afi afax afex afau afa afež afnė afxøm afaum

The plural pronouns aþøm and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Demonstrative

singular plural
Proximal ži elu
Distal žix elux

Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic:

  • ži baiþyn 'this house'
  • elu baiþil 'these houses'

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, definite -il.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

Regular noun declension
singular plural
indefinite ȝėlam ȝėlami
definite ȝėlamyn ȝėlamil

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns or adjectives with the nisba suffix -i:

þėgami 'Togarmite'
singular plural
indefinite þėgami þėgamije
definite þėgamijyn þėgamijel

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -t.

šeȝart '(strand of) hair'
singular plural
indefinite šeȝart šeȝar
definite šeȝartyn šeȝaril

Former feminines/body parts

This class consists of a small number of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, such as many body parts, which take a plural in -ėþ:

øžny 'ear'
singular plural
indefinite øžny øžnė
definite øžnyn øžnėþil
lysėn 'tongue; language'
singular plural
indefinite lysėn lysėnėþ
definite lysėnyn lysėnėþil

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek words:

apoloža 'excuse (pretext)'
singular plural
indefinite apoloža apoložes
definite apoložan apoložėþil

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:

þėma 'topic'
singular plural
indefinite þėma þėmes / þėmata
definite þėman þėmėþil / þėmataþil


By analogy, even some native words are declined this way:

heta 'sin'
singular plural
indefinite heta hetes
definite hetan hetėþil

Adjectives

Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns.

Degree

Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle brėþ (*bi-raʔēθī yuθ- 'when-see.INF-1SG ACC') is used for 'than', however.

Verbs

  • Past = prefix conjugation (from the PSem preterite)
  • Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem (variant of the PSem non-past)
  • Imperative
    • The negative imperative is formed with al + 2nd person past tense: xþøb 'write! (singular)', al tyxþøb! 'don't write! (singular)'
  • w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the f3al binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
  • Infinitive
  • Participles

The suffix conjugation does not survive unlike in most other Semitic languages, except in certain irregular verbs like hwė 'to be'.

The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.

Binyanim

Binyan 1: fȝøl

This binyan can take -ø-, -e- or -a- as the theme vowel.

Binyan 1 conjugation: xþøb 'write'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yxþøb tyxþøb jyxþøb nyxþøb tyxþøbu jyxþøbu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wyxþab hwit wyxþab hwė wyxþab hwinė wnyxþøb hwitøm wtyxþøbu hwu wėxþøbu
present yxėþøb tyxėþøb jyxėþøb nyxėþøb tyxėþøbu jyxėþøbu
present progressive yše wyxþab tyše wyxþab jyše wyxþab nyše wyxþab tyšu wyxþab jyšu wyxþab
present subjunctive yxþøban tyxþøban jyxþøban nyxþøban tyxþøbun jyxþøbun
future ėbe xþėb tėbe xþėb jėbe xþėb nėbe xþėb tėbu xþėb jėbu xþėb
perfect li myxþub lax/lex myxþub lau/la myxþub lanė myxþub laxøm myxþub laum myxþub
imperative - xþøb! - - xþøbu! -
active participle xėþeb xėþebi
passive participle myxþub myxþubi
w-form wyxþab
infinitive xþėb

Binyan 2: faȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)

Binyan 2 conjugation: saxen 'inhabit'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ysaxen tysaxen jysaxen nysaxen tysaxenu jysaxenu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wysaxen hwit wysaxen hwė wysaxen hwinė wysaxen hwitøm wysaxen hwu wysaxen
present ysxėxen tysxėxen jysxėxen nysxėxen tysxėxenu jysxėxenu
present progressive yše wysaxen tyše wysaxen jyše wysaxen nyše wysaxen tyšu wysaxen jyšu wysaxen
present subjunctive ysaxenan tysaxenan jysaxenan nysaxenan tysaxenun jysaxenun
future ėbe saxun tėbe saxun jėbe saxun nėbe saxun tėbu saxun jėbu saxun
perfect li møsaxan lax/lex møsaxan lau/la møsaxan lanė møsaxan laxøm møsaxan laum møsaxan
imperative - saxen! - - saxenu! -
active participle møsaxen møsaxeni
passive participle møsaxan møsaxani
w-form wysaxen
infinitive saxun

For 4-letter verbs such as parkes 'to act', the present tense is formed with the stem -C₁C₂ėC₃eC₄, like yprėkes 'I act'.

Binyan 3: hafȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.

Binyan 3 conjugation: hažxer 'remind'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ažxer tažxer jažxer nažxer tažxeru jažxeru
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wažxer hwit wažxer hwė wažxer hwinė wažxer hwitøm wažxer hwu wažxer
present ažėxer tažėxer jažėxer nažėxer tažėxeru jažėxeru
present progressive yše wažxer tyše wažxer jyše wažxer nyše wažxer tyšu wažxer jyšu wažxer
present subjunctive ažxeran tažxeran jažxeran nažxeran tažxerun jažxerun
future ėbe hažxur tėbe hažxur jėbe hažxur nėbe hažxur tėbu hažxur jėbu hažxur
perfect li mažxar lax/lex mažxar lau/la mažxar lanė mažxar laxøm mažxar laum mažxar
imperative - hažxer! - - hažxeru! -
active participle mažxer mažxeri
passive participle mažxar mažxari
w-form wažxer
infinitive hažxur

Binyan 4: hyftyȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan hitpa33el and Arabic ifta3ala. It is characterized by the þ- prefix that comes from the *t infix.

The prefix þ metathesizes with C1 when

  • C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: þf þx þs þš þh þz þž þȝ > ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd
  • C1 = d t þ: þd þt þþ > d t þ
Binyan 4 conjugation: hyþlymed 'find one's way around'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yþlymed tyþlymed jyþlymed nyþlymed tyþlymed jyþlymed
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wyþlymed hwit wyþlymed hwė wyþlymed hwinė wyþlymed hwitøm wyþlymed hwu wyþlymed
present yþlėmed tyþlėmed jyþlėmed nyþlėmed tyþlėmed jyþlėmed
present progressive yše wyþlymed tyše wyþlymed jyše wyþlymed nyše wyþlymed tyšu wyþlymed jyšu wyþlymed
present subjunctive yþlymedan tyþlymedan jyþlymedan nyþlymedan tyþlymedun jyþlymedun
future ėbe hyþlymud tėbe hyþlymud jėbe hyþlymud nėbe hyþlymud tėbu hyþlymud jėbu hyþlymud
perfect li møþlymad lax/lex møþlymad lau/la møþlymad lanė møþlymad laxøm møþlymad laum møþlymad
imperative - hyþlymed! - - hyþlymedu! -
active participle møþlymed møþlymedi
passive participle møþlymad møþlymadi
w-form wyþlymėd
infinitive hyþlymud

Binyan 5: þyfaȝel

This binyan comes from the tD-stem (t- with geminate stem) and corresponds directly to the Arabic binyan tafa33ala.

Binyan 5 conjugation: þydares 'teach'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yþydares tyþydares jyþydares nyþydares tyþydaresu jyþydaresu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wyþydares hwit wyþydares hwė wyþydares hwinė wyþydares hwitøm wyþydares hwu wyþydares
present yþydrėres tyþydrėres jyþydrėres nyþydrėres tyþydrėresu jyþydrėresu
present progressive yše wyþydares tyše wyþydares jyše wyþydares nyše wyþydares tyšu wyþydares jyšu wyþydares
present subjunctive yþydaresan jyþydaresan jyþydaresan nyþydaresan tyþydaresun jyþydaresun
future ėbe þydarus tėbe þydarus jėbe þydarus nėbe þydarus tėbu þydarus jėbu þydarus
perfect li møþydaras lax/lex møþydaras lau/la møþydaras lanė møþydaras laxøm møþydaras laum møþydaras
imperative - þydares! - - þydaresu! -
active participle møþydares møþydaresi
passive participle møþydaras møþydaresi
w-form wyþydares
infinitive þydarus

Binyan 6: heþyfȝel

This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew nitpa33el, a variant of the hitpa33el binyan and the Arabic infa3ala binyan.

Binyan 6 conjugation: heþygdel 'grow up'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional eþygdel teþygdel jeþygdel neþygdel teþygdelu jeþygdelu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti weþygdel hwit weþygdel hwė weþygdel hwinė weþygdel hwitøm weþygdel hwu waþygdel
present eþygėdel teþygėdel jeþygėdel neþygėdel teþygėdelu jeþygėdelu
present progressive yše weþygdel tyše weþygdel jyše weþygdel nyše weþygdel tyšu weþygdel jyšu weþygdel
present subjunctive eþygdelan teþygdelan jeþygdelan neþygdelan teþygdelan jeþygdelan
future ėbe heþygdul tėbe heþygdul jėbe heþygdul nėbe heþygdul tėbu heþygdul jėbu heþygdul
perfect li meþygdal lax/lex meþygdal lau/la meþygdal lanė meþygdal laxøm meþygdal laum meþygdal
imperative - heþygdel! - - heþygdelu! -
active participle meþygdel meþygdeli
passive participle meþygdal meþygdali
w-form waþygdel
infinitive heþygdul

Binyan 7: styfȝel

This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan istaf3ala in Arabic and the very rare binyan hishtaf3el in Biblical Hebrew.

Binyan 7 conjugation: stytȝem 'try out'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ystytȝem tystytȝem jystytȝem nystytȝem tystytȝemu jystytȝemu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wystytȝem hwit wystytȝem hwė wystytȝem hwinė wystytȝem hwitøm wystytȝem hwu wystytȝem
present ystytėȝem tystytėȝem jystytėȝem nystytėȝem tystytėȝemu jystytėȝemu
present progressive yše wystytȝem tyše wystytȝem jyše wystytȝem nyše wystytȝem tyšu wystytȝem jyšu wystytȝem
present subjunctive ystytȝeman tystytȝeman jystytȝeman nystytȝeman tystytȝemun jystytȝemun
future ėbe stytȝum tėbe stytȝum jėbe stytȝum nėbe stytȝum tėbu stytȝum jėbu stytȝum
perfect li møstytȝam lax/lex møstytȝam lau/la møstytȝam lanė møstytȝam laxøm møstytȝam laum møstytȝam
imperative - stytȝem! - - stytȝemu! -
active participle møstytȝem møstytȝemi
passive participle møstytȝam møstytȝami
w-form wystytȝem
infinitive stytȝum

Concatenative verbs

The concatenative paradigm, analogous to Germanic weak verbs, is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes, without changing the stem. The past and imperative forms are formed by adding -i or -ji to the noun, when no other suffix is added.

It is used for recent loan verbs like maksimezi 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:

  • mydrasi 'to school' (from mydras 'school')
  • þaxili 'to consume' (from þaxil 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
  • žaxoji 'to entitle, to allow' (from žaxo 'right')
  • ȝaini 'to eye' (from ȝain 'eye')

The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.

  • [STEM]-i = active
  • þy-[STEM]-i = reflexive/reciprocal
  • mø- = active participle
  • -ėþ = infinitive
Weak verb conjugation: mydrasi 'to school'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional ymydrasi tymydrasi jymydrasi nymydrasi tymydrasu jymydrasu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wymydrasi hwit wymydrasi hwė wymydrasi hwinė wymydrasi hwitøm wymydrasi hwu wymydrasi
present ymydrasė tymydrasė jymydrasė nymydrasė tymydrasėju jymydrasėju
present progressive yše wymydrasi tyše wymydrasi jyše wymydrasi nyše wymydrasi tyšu wymydrasi jyšu wymydrasi
present subjunctive ymydrasan tymydrasan jymydrasan nymydrasan tymydrasun jymydrasun
future ėbe mydrasėþ tėbe mydrasėþ jėbe mydrasėþ nėbe mydrasėþ tėbu mydrasėþ jėbu mydrasėþ
perfect li mømydrasa lax/lex mømydrasa lau/la mømydrasa lanė mømydrasa laxøm mømydrasa laum mømydrasa
imperative - mydrasi! - - mydrasu! -
active participle mømydrasė mømydrasėji
passive participle mømydrasa mømydrasaji
w-form wymydrasi
infinitive mydrasėþ

hwe 'to be'

The verb hwė 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it displays suppletion and it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.

hwe 'to be'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional hwiti hwit hwė hwinė hwitøm hwu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wyhwė hwit wyhwė hwė wyhwė hwinė wyhwė hwitøm wyhwė hwu wyhwė
present yše (or none) tyše (or none) jyše (or hu/hi) nyše (or none) tyšu (or none) jyšu (or høm)
present progressive yše wyhwė tyše wyhwė jyše wyhwė nyše wyhwė tyšu wyhwė jyšu wyhwė
present subjunctive yhwijan tyhwijan jyhwijan nyhwijan tyhwijun jyhwijun
future ėbe hwėþ tėbe hwėþ jėbe hwėþ nėbe hwėþ tėbu hwėþ jėbu hwėþ
imperative - hwe! - - hwu! -
active participle hėwė hėwėji
passive participle myhwuj myhwuji
w-form wyhwė
infinitive hwėþ

xėl 'can'

xėl 'can'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional uxal tuxal juxal nuxal tuxalu juxalu
past subjunctive hwiti wėxel hwit wėxel hwė wėxel hwinė wėxel hwitøm wėxel hwu wėxel
present wyxėlti wyxėlt wyxėl wyxėlnė wyxėltøm wyxėlu
present subjunctive ėxelan tėxelan jėxelan nėxelan tėxelun jėxelun
future ėbe xėl tėbe xėl jėbe xėl nėbe xėl tėbu xėl jėbu xėl
active participle - -
passive participle myhwuj wėxel myhwuji wėxel
infinitive xėl

høbė 'should; ought'

høba 'should; ought'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
present høbiti høbit høbė høbinė høbitøm høbu

ryšė 'to want'

ryšė 'to want'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional yrši tyrši jyrši nyrši tyršu jyršu
past subjunctive hwiti wyrši hwit wyrši hwė wyrši hwinė wyrši hwitøm wyrši hwu wyrši
present ryšiti ryšit ryšė ryšinė ryšitøm ryšu
future ėbe ryšėþ tėbe ryšėþ jėbe ryšėþ nėbe ryšėþ tėbu ryšėþ jėbu ryšėþ
w-form wyrši
active participle - -
passive participle ryšuj ryšuj
infinitive ryšėþ

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

  • the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
  • the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
  • the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Most of the irregularities occur in binyan fȝøl.

Prepositions

Some prepositions:

  • en 'in' [from PSem *ina]
  • ly (l before V) 'to'
  • by (b before V) 'by, at'
  • šydo 'outside'
  • me (men before V) 'from'
  • ȝem 'with'
  • ȝal 'on'
  • lid 'of (possessive)'
  • ȝbar 'over'
  • þaþ 'under'

Syntax of prepositions

Numerals

0: cefry 1: yhad 2: šnain / attributive šnė 3: šlėš 4: yrbaȝ 5: hymes 6: sec/sets 7: sabȝy 8: šmėni 9: þesȝy 10: ȝašry 20: ȝešrin 30: šlėšin 40: yrbȝin 50: hymsin 60: setsin 70: sybȝin 80: šmėnin 90: þesȝin 100: me'yþ 1000: alfy 1000000: alfun

Syntax

Accusative marker

The accusative marker is used when the object is animate.

Existentials

The word is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ly 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of is lėš.

  • Iš mykėm ėn... = There is a place where...
  • A iš lex zman? = Do you have time?

The particle uses the accusative marker when the "object" is animate.

Relative clauses

The relative pronoun xi is used for both relative and complement clauses. It takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns.

Derivation

Noun and adjective patterns

  • CaCCy, CeCCy, CøCCy = segolates
  • myCCaC(t) = place
  • maCCaC(t) = causative + place
  • myCCeC(t) = instrument
  • þyCCuC = verbal noun
  • þyCCiC = verbal noun
  • þyCCøCt = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
  • CyCiC = adjective; -able
  • CyCuC = adjective; color
  • CaCCėn and CeCaCėn
  • CaCCyþ

Affixes

  • -an = forms adjectives
  • -uþ = (borrowed from Hebrew) abstract noun
  • -i = forms adjectives
  • i- = non-, un-

Lexicon

ʔ

  • √ʔ-b-b
    • ybib 'spring'
  • √ʔ-(w)-r
    • aur 'light'
    • awer 'to illuminate'
  • √ʔ-d-m
    • ydum 'red'
  • √ʔ-ž-n
    • øžny 'ear'
  • √ʔ-y-s
    • is 'equal'
    • ajes 'to equate'
      • ajus 'metaphor; simile'
  • √ʔ-x-l
    • yxal 'to eat'
    • exly 'food'
    • þaxil 'comsumption'
      • þaxili 'to consume'
  • √ʔ-m-n
    • amėn (in some religions) 'Amen'
    • hy'ymen 'to trust, to believe'
  • √ʔ-m-r
    • ymar 'to say'
    • emry 'remark'
    • amer 'to assert, to affirm'
  • √ʔ-r-þ
    • arþy 'earth'
  • √ʔ-þ-j
    • yþė 'to come'

B

  • bajþ 'house'
  • √b-r-ʔ
    • bra 'to create'
    • bri 'healthy'

G

  • √g-d-l
    • gdėl = big
    • eþygdel = to grow

D

  • √d-m
    • dam = blood
    • damem = to bleed
  • √d-n
    • dun = to think (to be of the opinion that); to deem
    • dajen = to judge
  • √d-r-x
    • darxy = road
    • drax = to go, to walk
    • hydrex = to lead
  • √d-r-s
    • drøs = to study, to learn
    • dares = to demand
    • þydares = to teach
    • mydras = school
      • jymydrasi = he schooled
    • þydrus = lesson

H

  • √h-d-š
    • hydiš 'new'
  • √h-t-ʔ
    • heta 'sin'
    • hatė 'to sin'
  • √h-m-d
  • √h-m-l
    • hymal 'to suffer'
    • hymil 'patient'
  • √h-m-m
    • hymum 'warm'
  • √h-r-c
    • hyruc 'yellow'

W

  • √w-l-d
    • waldy 'child'
    • molad 'birth'
    • wlad (archaic) 'to give birth to (of a woman)'
    • holed 'to give birth to, to sire, to father' (for both genders in the modern language)
  • √w-r-š
    • waršy 'inheritance'
    • reš 'to inherit'
    • wriš 'heritable'
    • wrišt 'gene'
    • morašt 'heritage'
    • twarešt 'tradition'

Z

  • √z-h-r (?)
    • hazhėr 'to warn'
  • √z-m-r
    • myzmer 'kantele'
  • √z-r-ȝ
    • zarȝe 'seed'
    • zraȝ 'to sow'

Ž

  • √ž-b-h
    • tyžbuh 'sacrifice (the act of sacrifice)'
    • žbih 'sacrifice (the thing or person sacrificed)'
  • žbi 'antelope'
  • √ž-h-b
    • žahab 'gold'
    • žaheb 'to gild'
  • √ž-h-r
    • žohri 'noon'
  • √ž-m-r
    • žemyrt 'might'
  • √žxr
    • žyxar 'to remember'
    • žaxer 'to record; to memorize'
    • hažxer 'to remind'
    • hyždyxer 'to come to mind'
    • styžxer 'to make note of'
  • √ž-r-ȝ
    • žerėȝ (f.) 'arm'

T

  • √t-ȝ-m
    • tȝam 'to choose; (archaic) to taste'
    • taȝem 'to elect'
      • taȝum 'election'
    • þytaȝem '(literary) to be pleased with, to take pleasure in'
    • stytȝem 'to try out'

J

  • jad 'hand'
  • √j-b-s
    • jabas 'dry'
  • √j-m-n
    • jymin 'right'

X

  • √x-s-f
    • xasfy 'silver, money'
    • myxsaf 'bank'

L

  • = not; no
  • ly = to, for
  • √l-b-s
  • √l-m-d
    • lymad 'to notice, to experience, to come to know'
    • lamed 'to show, to point out'
    • hylθymed 'to find one's way around'
  • lysėn 'tongue; language'

M

  • √m-l-x
    • malxy 'king'
  • √m-n-w
    • myno 'to count'
  • main 'water'

N

  • √n-b-ʔ
    • nybi 'prophet, truthteller'
    • nabė 'to call out (a wrongdoing)'
    • heþynbe 'to hector'
  • √n-b-t
    • þynabet (by) 'to look (at)'
  • √n-f-l
    • føl 'to fall'
    • nøfl 'fall (season)'
  • √n-š-ʔ
    • še 'to carry'
  • √n-þ-n
    • þen 'to give'

Ȝ

  • √ȝ-n-y
    • ȝne 'to answer'
    • þyȝane 'to satisfy'
  • √ȝ-š-j
    • ȝyše 'to do, to make'
    • maȝše 'act'

F

  • √f-l-ʔ
    • føla 'miracle'
    • hafle 'to amaze'
    • miføla 'wonderful'

P

  • √p-rk-s
    • parkes 'to act'
  • √p-s-f
    • psif 'vote'
    • psifin 'voting'
    • psaf 'to vote'

C

  • √c-b-ȝ
  • √c-d-k
    • hycdek = to justify
    • þycadek = to make right, to set right

K

  • √k-d-s
    • kdės 'specific, not arbitrary'
    • hykdes 'to sanctify'
    • mykodas 'holy'
      • mykosyn (a swear word)
  • √k-j-ž
    • kaiž 'summer'
  • √k-m
    • kam 'he stood up; he rose'
    • mykėm 'place'
    • jymykėmi 'to locate'
  • √k-r-ʔ
    • kra 'to read, to call'
    • mekra 'scripture'
    • tykru 'invocation, prayer'
  • √k-s-m
    • hyksem 'to curse'

R

  • √r-ʔ-j
    • ry'ė 'to see'

S

  • √s-x-n
    • sxan 'to live (at a certain place)'
    • mesxan 'apartment'
    • saxen 'to inhabit'
  • √s-l-m
    • slėm 'peace; hello!'
  • √s-m
    • sem 'name'
  • √s-m-ȝ
    • smaȝ 'to hear'
  • √s-þ-w
    • seþaw 'winter'

Š

  • šmėl 'left'
  • √š-l-g
    • šalgy 'snow'
  • šol 'fox'

Þ

  • √þ-g-m
    • hyþgem 'explain'
  • √þ-l-l
    • þlul 'steep; difficult'

Sample texts

O how quickly the sculpture of life

O! Xma myhir þykliȝyn lid hajin,
Jyšbėber ly temaša zȝiri!
Mygiluþyn lid malxyn ȝal þronos lau
'Še xlil mygruf by gali jam.
Aþøm lyxi maþuj heno mømancabta hen,
By hen Elah aþøm ėrehi.
Xmė nanė, aþøm tėbu hwėþ mødajan ȝal parkusi laxøm;
Naþenan ly ȝnijel, w nagaþeržijan had ly wdud.

Lysėn þėgamiþ, lysėn þlul

  • Yhad texni, rab texnes; yhad þėgami, rab þėgames = one skill, many skills; one Togarmite, many Togarmites (the correct plural of þėgami is þėgamije)

UDHR

Xøl ynėsi še mewøladi hyruri w isi in akšoprepjan w žyxawil laum. Høm še møþyhanani ȝym ložeki w synidisi w høbu ly parkus l odšni in ruh lid ahwuþ.

all human-PL COP be.born/PASS.PART-PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-DEF.SG and right/PL-DEF.PL 3PL.POSS. 3PL COP grant/PASS.PART-PL with reason and conscience and ought-3PL to act.VN to one_another in spirit of brotherhood

/xøl ə'nesi ʃɛ mɛvø'ladi hə'ruri 'visi in akʃo'prepjan v ʒə'xavil løym || høm ʃɛ møθəha'nani ɣəm lo'ʒɛki fsəni'disi və 'høbu lə 'parkus 'lotʃni bə ruh lid 'ahvuθ/