Togarmite/Old

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Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θēgarmīθ; Modern: Þėrmiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Inflection

Pronouns

  • 1sg: ʔanēχ
  • 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔaθθi (f)
  • 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
  • 1pl: naħnē
  • 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔaθθin (f)
  • 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)

Nouns

Adjectives

Declension of tēb 'good':

  • yōm tēb = a good day
  • yōman tēban = the good day
  • yōmēš tēbīn = good days
  • yōmēšil tēbīl = the good days
  • φarīθi tēbθi = a good fruit
  • φarīθan tēbθan = the good fruit
  • φariyēθi tēbēθi = good fruits
  • φariyēθil tēbēθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:

  1. φaȝal/haφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
  2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
  3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
  4. haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
  5. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
  6. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝal

Semantics: basic action

future tense: φaȝalθe, φaȝalθa, φaȝalθi, φaȝal, φaȝalθ, φaȝalnē, φaȝalθum, φaȝalθin, φaȝalū, φaȝalē

present tense: ʔaφāȝal, taφāȝal, taφāȝalī, yaφāȝal, yaφāȝəlī, naφāȝal, taφāȝalū, taφāȝalē, yaφāȝalū, yaφāȝalē

past tense: ʔaφȝōl, taφȝōl, taφȝulī, yaφȝōl, yaφȝulī, naφȝōl, taφȝulū, taφȝulē, yaφȝulū, yaφȝulē

imperative: φaȝōl! φaȝlī! φaȝlū! φaȝlē!

participle: φēȝēl

VN: φaȝēl

Example: hamal 'to suffer', žaχar 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: haφφuȝāl

future tense: haφφuȝalθe, haφφuȝalθa, haφφuȝalθi, haφφuȝāl, haφφuȝālθ, haφφuȝalnē, haφφuȝalθum, haφφuȝalθin, haφφuȝalū, haφφuȝalē

present tense: ʔiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilī, yiφφāȝēl, yiφφāȝilī, niφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilū, tiφφāȝilē, yiφφāȝilū, yiφφāȝilē

past tense: ʔiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalī, yiφφuȝāl, yiφφuȝalī, niφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalū, tiφφuȝalē, yiφφuȝalū, yiφφuȝalē

imperative: hiφφuȝāl! hiφφuȝalī! hiφφuȝalū! hiφφuȝalē!

participle: miφφuȝāl

VN: hiφφuȝālθ

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs

Examples:

  • žaχχēr 'to record'
  • nahhēh 'to put an object on'
  • nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
  • θargēm 'to translate'

future tense: φaȝȝilθe, φaȝȝilθa, φaȝȝilθi, φaȝȝēl, φaȝȝēlθ, φaȝȝilnē, φaȝȝilθum, φaȝȝilθin, φaȝȝilū, φaȝȝilē

present tense: ʔaφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilī, yaφāȝaȝēl, yaφāȝaȝilī, naφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilū, taφāȝaȝilē, yaφāȝaȝilū, yaφāȝaȝilē

past tense: ʔaφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilī, yaφaȝȝēl, yaφaȝȝilī, naφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilū, taφaȝȝilē, yaφaȝȝilū, yaφaȝȝilē

imperative: φaȝȝēl! φaȝȝilī! φaȝȝilū! φaȝȝilē!

participle: muφaȝȝēl

verbal noun: φaȝȝūl

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Example: hažχēr 'to remind'

Binyan 3P: hassuφȝāl

Binyan 4A: haθφaȝal

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 4P: haθφuȝāl

Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions

Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 5P: θaφuȝȝāl

Binyan 6A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X"

Examples:

  • hastažχēr 'to make note of'
  • hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'

Binyan 6P: hastuφȝāl

Numerals

  1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
  2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
  3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
  4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
  5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
  6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
  7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
  8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
  9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
  10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Syntax

Vocabulary

Derivation

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.