Tsimulh languages: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]


{{Infobox language family
The '''Tsimulh languages''' are a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh'''.
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Much of Txapoalli
| name        = Tsimulh
| familycolor = tsimulh
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Tsimulh
| child1 = Hetmic
| child2 = Idosic
| child3 = Swuntsimic
| child4 = Rencadic
| child5 = Pelhyysic
}}
 
The '''Tsimulh languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Tsimys'', [[Windermere]]: ''fi imbrits Tsimăł'', from [[Sacred Swuntsim]] ''tsiməσ'', 'tribe', pl. of ''ʔiməσ'' 'tribesman') form the largest language family in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh''', whose aesthetics is inspired by Old Chinese and the Salish languages.
==Todo==
==Todo==
*''-s'': past tense, genitive
*''-s'': past tense, genitive
*''-əσ'': some adjectival suffix
*''-txʷ''
*''-iyad'' = augmentative
*''-cid''
*''-dəb'' = augmentative
*Reduplication
*Reduplication
*relativizer/relative forms for verbs
*relativizer/relative forms for verbs
*m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Swuntsim]] ~ Tsimulh?)
*N.tugəŋ = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo''
*k.tugəŋ = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo''
*Work on Talman Swuntsim first
*Some Tsimulh langs should gain liquids only to lose them again
*Might not have ejectives


==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==
*Proto-Tsimulh
*Proto-Tsimulh
**[[Sacred Swuntsim]]
**[[Swuntsim]]
***[[Swuntsim]] (''təSfətsiv'')
**[[Hetomic]]
**[[Hetomic]] (''tiHetom'')
**[[Idosian]]
**[[Pelhyys]] (''tPezlüüt'')
**Idosic
***[[Idosian]] (''səyIdosm'')
**[[Rencadian]] (''diZhęqad'') Some retroflexy language - get retros from assimilation to uvulars


==Urheimat==
==Urheimat==
Somewhere in Txapoalli
Somewhere in Txapoalli
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless
Tsimulh phonotactics is dominated by CV syllables. Coda consonants are only allowed word-finally.
 
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
A lot of consonants, but no liquids!
{| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center
{| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center
|-style="font-size: 90%;"
|-style="font-size: 90%;"
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ŋ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| Stop
!rowspan=3| Stop
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
| p
| p
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| g
| g
| gʷ
| gʷ
| ɢ
|  
| ɢʷ
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| Affricate
! <small>ejective</small>
| pʼ
| tʼ
|
|
| kʼ
| kʷʼ
| qʼ
| qʷʼ
|
|-
!rowspan=3| Affricate
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>plain</small>
|  
|  
| c
| c
| ξ
| ƛ
|  
| č
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| z
| z
| λ
| ž
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
! <small>ejective</small>
|
| cʼ
| ƛʼ
| čʼ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|
|
| s
| s
| σ
| ł
|  
| š
|  
| x
|  
|
|  
|
|  
| x̌ʷ
| h
| h
|-
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
!rowspan=2| Approximant
! <small>plain</small>
|
|
|
|
|  
| l
| y
| y
|
|
| w
| w
|
|
|
|-
! <small>glottalized</small>
|
|
| lʼ
| yʼ
|
| wʼ
|
|
|
|
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''i u e a į ų ę ą''' /i u ə a ĩ ũ ə̃ ã/
'''i u ə a''' /i u e ə o a/


===Tone===
===Stress===
Proto-Tsimulh was a tonal language: Every syllable had either high or low tone. The low tone is marked with a grave accent.
Penultimate.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Proto-Tsimulh and Tsimulh languages are almost exclusively prefixing.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Noun classes====
====Noun classes====
Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
PTsN had 13 noun classes:
#''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
#''ʔu-'' = animates
#''-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things (such as weather phenomena and organs) that move on their own
#''ʔəł-''
#''-'', pl. ''pí-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow, food
#''s-''
#''sə̀-'', pl. ''sì-'' = collections or large things
#''-''
#''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
#''-''
#''-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices, food item
#''gwi-''
#''kə̀-'', pl. ''bí-'' = places, locations, slots
#''tx-''
#''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#''ad-''
#''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#''-''
#''-'' = abstractions, manner, way
#''d-''
#''t’ímə̀-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
#''č-''
#''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
#''dxʷ-''
 
#''c-''
In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:
*Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swuntsim)
*Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Hetmic; Pelhyys)
*Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swuntsim)
*Type D: SG/PL-marking only (e.g. Idosian)
*Type E: No concords at all (e.g. [retroflexy tsimulh language])


====Cases====
====Cases====
*Nominative: ''-0''
*Nominative: ''-0''
*Genitive: ''-s''
*Genitive: ''-s''
====Possession====
(Same as verbal concord affixes)
*I = ''kʷə-''
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
*we = ''wə-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*Noun class prefixes:
#''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
#''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
#''pà-'', pl. ''xə̀-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#''sə̀-'', pl. ''dú-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
#''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
#''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
#''kə̀-'', pl. ''yí-'' = places, locations, slots
#''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
#''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
#''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way
#''t’ímə̀-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
#''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Noun class prefixes====
====Noun class prefixes====
TODO: Some of the class markers should be different from class markers on nouns.
*I = ''-''
*I = ''kʷə-''
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
*you (sg) = ''xʷə-''
*we = ''-''
*he = ''ʔə-''
*you (pl) = ''cu-''
*we = ''gwə-''
*you (pl) = ''-''
*Noun class prefixes:
*Noun class prefixes:
#''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits
*#sg. ''ʔu-''; pl. ''-''
#''-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
*#''ʔəł-''
#''-'', pl. ''xə̀-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
*#''s-''
#''sə̀-'', pl. ''dú-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
*#''-''
#''-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects
*#''-''
#''-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
*#''gwi-''
#''kə̀-'', pl. ''yí-'' = places, locations, slots
*#''tx-''
#''-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
*#''ad-''
#''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
*#''-''
#''-'' = abstractions, manner, way
*#''d-''
#''t’ím-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns
*#''č-''
#''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood
*#''dxʷ-''
*#''c-''


====Tense affixes====
====Tense affixes====
Some verbal infix, like {{angbr|''n''}}
''-s'' - past tense
 
Tenses:
*present
*recent past
*remote past
*irrealis (can be used alone or with a modal particle in daughter languages): ''dę-''
 
====Evidentiality====
 
===Numbers===
The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
 
(Sacred Swuntsim)
 
1: *-an
 
2: *-xʷiš
 
3: *-ʔiyəm
 
4: *-udzuq
 
5: *-t'uŋ
 
6: *-čayədz
 
7: *-buč'əŋ
 
8: *-gwiməʔ
 
9: *-anay
 
10: *-kʷ'in


==Derivation==
[[Category:Naquic languages|*]][[Category:Language families]]
===Deriving nouns===
maybe they'd have derivational prefixes that are a certain noun class like IE languages do
===Deriving verbs===
[[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]]

Revision as of 04:15, 29 March 2021

Tsimulh languages/Lexicon

The Tsimulh languages are a Trician language family mainly spoken in Txapoalli. The proto-language is Proto-Tsimulh.

Todo

  • -s: past tense, genitive
  • -txʷ
  • -cid
  • -dəb = augmentative
  • Reduplication
  • relativizer/relative forms for verbs

Phylogeny

Urheimat

Somewhere in Txapoalli

Phonology

Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal m n
Stop plain p t k q ʔ
voiced b d g
ejective kʷʼ qʷʼ
Affricate plain c ƛ č
voiced z λ ž
ejective ƛʼ čʼ
Fricative s ł š x x̌ʷ h
Approximant plain l y w
glottalized

Vowels

i u ə a /i u e ə o a/

Stress

Penultimate.

Morphology

Nouns

Noun classes

PTsN had 13 noun classes:

  1. ʔu- = animates
  2. ʔəł-
  3. s-
  4. x̌-
  5. iʔ-
  6. gwi-
  7. tx-
  8. ad-
  9. kʷ-
  10. d-
  11. č-
  12. dxʷ-
  13. c-

Cases

  • Nominative: -0
  • Genitive: -s

Verbs

Noun class prefixes

  • I = lə-
  • you (sg) = xʷə-
  • he = ʔə-
  • we = gwə-
  • you (pl) = sə-
  • Noun class prefixes:
    1. sg. ʔu-; pl. bə-
    2. ʔəł-
    3. s-
    4. x̌-
    5. iʔ-
    6. gwi-
    7. tx-
    8. ad-
    9. kʷ-
    10. d-
    11. č-
    12. dxʷ-
    13. c-

Tense affixes

-s - past tense