Upek

Uupek is a language isolate spoken in Cuadhlabh, notable for its large consonant inventory.

Phonology

Consonants

Uupek has 1728 consonants:

{k g, kʰ, gʰ, x, ɣ, ɰ, ŋ, ŋʰ, k’, kx’, ˀg} x {prevelar, postvelar, phar'd uvular, rhoticized velar, rhoticized uvular} x {plain, labialized} = 120 sounds

{ʀ, ʀʰ} x {plain, lab'd} x {plain, r-colored, phar'd} = 12 sounds, total 132

{ħ, ʕ, ʔ, ʔˁ, ʜ, ʡ, h, ɦ, ʔʰ, ʔʰˁ, ʡʰ, ʡ’} x {plain, lab} = 24 sounds, total 156

{t, d, n, tʰ, dʰ, nʰ, θ, ð, ɬ, ɮ, tɬ, dɮ, nl, nlʰ, t', tθ', ˀd, ˀdɮ, tɬ', ˀdð, l, lʰ, flap, lateral flap} x {dental, alveolar, phar'd dental, phar'd alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex, phar'd retroflex, palatalized dental, pal'd alveolar} x {plain, labialized} = 9x24x2 = 432 sounds, total 588

{s, z, ts, dz, s', ts', ˀdz} x {alv, alv-pal, phar'd alv, sje} = 28 sounds, total 616

{r, rʰ, ř, řʰ} x {alv, phar'd alv, retro, phar'd retro} = 16 sounds total 632

{ɹ ɹʰ ɻ ɻʰ} = 4 sounds total 636

{m, p, b, ɸ, β, pʰ, bʰ, mʰ, p’, pɸ', ˀb} x {normal, labial} x {normal, palatal, pharyngeal, k̠p, k̟p, qpˁ} = 132, total 768

{t, d, n, tʰ, dʰ, nʰ, θ, ð, ɬ, ɮ, tɬ, dɮ, nl, nlʰ, t', tθ', ˀd, ˀdɮ, tɬ', ˀdð, l, lʰ, flap, lateral flap} x {linguolabial} = 24 total 792

clicks:

{dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, rounded, simultaneous labial, sim.labial+rounded} = 8x8x2x4 = 512,total 1304

affricated clicks: {dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, rounded, simultaneous labial, sim.labial+rounded} = 8x5x2x4 = 320 total 1624

labial clicks: {labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, labialized} = 2x8x2x2 = 64 total 1688

{labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, labialized} = 2x5x2x2 = 40 total 1728

ħ ʕ ʔ ʔˁ ʜ ʡ h ɦ ʔʰ ʔʰˁ ʡʰ ʡʼ ħʷ ʕʷ ʔʷ ʔˁʷ ʜʷ ʡʷ hʷ ɦʷ ʔʰʷ ʔʰˁʷ ʡʰʷ ʡʼʷ ʀʷ ʀʰʷ ʀʵʷ ʀʵʰʷ ʀˁʷ ʀˁʰʷ ʀ ʀʰ ʀʵ ʀʵʰ ʀˁ ʀˁʰ k̟ g̟ kʰ̟ gʰ̟ x̟ ɣ̟ ɰ̟ ŋ̟ ŋʰ̟ k’̟ kx’̟ ˀg̟ kʵ gʵ kʰʵ gʰʵ xʵ ɣʵ ɰʵ ŋʵ ŋʰʵ kʼʵ kxʼʵ ˀgʵ k̠ g̠ kʰ̠ gʰ̠ x̠ ɣ̠ ɰ̠ ŋ̠ ŋʰ̠ k’̠ kx’̠ ˀg̠ qʵ ɢʵ qʰʵ ɢʰʵ χʵ ʁʵ ʁ̞ʵ ɴʵ ɴʰʵ qʼʵ qχʼʵ ˀɢʵ qˁ ɢˁ qʰˁ ɢʰˁ χˁ ʁˁ ʁ̞ˁ ɴˁ ɴʰˁ qʼˁ qχʼˁ ˀɢˁ k̟ʷ g̟ʷ kʰ̟ʷ gʰ̟ʷ x̟ʷ ɣ̟ʷ ɰ̟ʷ ŋ̟ʷ ŋʰ̟ʷ k’̟ʷ kx’̟ʷ ˀg̟ʷ kʵʷ gʵʷ kʰʵʷ gʰʵʷ xʵʷ ɣʵʷ ɰʵʷ ŋʵʷ ŋʰʵʷ kʼʵʷ kxʼʵʷ ˀgʵʷ k̠ʷ g̠ʷ kʰ̠ʷ gʰ̠ʷ x̠ʷ ɣ̠ʷ ɰ̠ʷ ŋ̠ʷ ŋʰ̠ʷ k’̠ʷ kx’̠ʷ ˀg̠ʷ qʵʷ ɢʵʷ qʰʵʷ ɢʰʵʷ χʵʷ ʁʵʷ ʁ̞ʵʷ ɴʵʷ ɴʰʵʷ qʼʵʷ qχʼʵʷ ˀɢʵʷ qˁʷ ɢˁʷ qʰˁʷ ɢʰˁʷ χˁʷ ʁˁʷ ʁ̞ˁʷ ɴˁʷ ɴʰˁʷ qʼˁʷ qχʼˁʷ ˀɢˁʷ t̪ d̪ n̪ tʰ̪ dʰ̪ nʰ̪ θ̪ ð̪ ɬ̪ ɮ̪ tɬ̪ dɮ̪ nl̪ nlʰ̪ t'̪ tθ'̪ ˀd̪ ˀdɮ̪ tɬ'̪ ˀdð̪ l̪ lʰ̪ ɺ̪ ɾ̪ t d n tʰ dʰ nʰ θ ð ɬ ɮ tɬ dɮ nl nlʰ tʼ tθʼ ˀd ˀdɮ tɬʼ ˀdð l lʰ ɺ ɾ t̪ˁ d̪ˁ n̪ˁ tʰ̪ˁ dʰ̪ˁ nʰ̪ˁ θ̪ˁ ð̪ˁ ɬ̪ˁ ɮ̪ˁ tɬ̪ˁ dɮ̪ˁ nl̪ˁ nlʰ̪ˁ t'̪ˁ tθ'̪ˁ ˀd̪ˁ ˀdɮ̪ˁ tɬ'̪ˁ ˀdð̪ˁ l̪ˁ lʰ̪ˁ ɺ̪ˁ ɾ̪ˁ tˁ dˁ nˁ tʰˁ dʰˁ nʰˁ θˁ ðˁ ɬˁ ɮˁ tɬˁ dɮˁ nlˁ nlʰˁ tʼˁ tθʼˁ ˀdˁ ˀdɮˁ tɬʼˁ ˀdðˁ lˁ lʰˁ ɺˁ ɾˁ t̠ d̠ n̠ tʰ̠ dʰ̠ nʰ̠ θ̠ ð̠ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ tɬ̠ dɮ̠ nl̠ nlʰ̠ t'̠ tθ'̠ ˀd̠ ˀdɮ̠ tɬ'̠ ˀdð̠ l̠ lʰ̠ ɺ̠ ɾ̠ ʈ ɖ ɳ ʈʰ ɖʰ ɳʰ ʂ ʐ ꞎ ɮ˞ ʈꞎ ɖɮ˞ ɳɭ ɳɭʰ ʈʼ ʈʂʼ ˀɖ ˀɖʐ ʈꞎʼ ˀɖɮ˞ ɭ ɭʰ ɺ̢ ɽ ʈˁ ɖˁ ɳˁ ʈʰˁ ɖʰˁ ɳʰˁ ʂˁ ʐˁ ꞎˁ ɮ˞ˁ ʈꞎˁ ɖɮ˞ˁ ɳɭˁ ɳɭʰˁ ʈʼˁ ʈʂʼˁ ˀɖˁ ˀɖʐˁ ʈꞎʼˁ ˀɖɮ˞ˁ ɭˁ ɭʰˁ ɺ̢ˁ ɽˁ t̪ʲ d̪ʲ n̪ʲ tʰ̪ʲ dʰ̪ʲ nʰ̪ʲ θ̪ʲ ð̪ʲ ɬ̪ʲ ɮ̪ʲ tɬ̪ʲ dɮ̪ʲ nl̪ʲ nlʰ̪ʲ t'̪ʲ tθ'̪ʲ ˀd̪ʲ ˀdɮ̪ʲ tɬ'̪ʲ ˀdð̪ʲ l̪ʲ lʰ̪ʲ ɺ̪ʲ ɾ̪ʲ tʲ dʲ nʲ tʰʲ dʰʲ nʰʲ θʲ ðʲ ɬʲ ɮʲ tɬʲ dɮʲ nlʲ nlʰʲ tʼʲ tθʼʲ ˀdʲ ˀdɮʲ tɬʼʲ ˀdðʲ lʲ lʰʲ ɺʲ ɾʲ t̪ʷ d̪ʷ n̪ʷ tʰ̪ʷ dʰ̪ʷ nʰ̪ʷ θ̪ʷ ð̪ʷ ɬ̪ʷ ɮ̪ʷ tɬ̪ʷ dɮ̪ʷ nl̪ʷ nlʰ̪ʷ t'̪ʷ tθ'̪ʷ ˀd̪ʷ ˀdɮ̪ʷ tɬ'̪ʷ ˀdð̪ʷ l̪ʷ lʰ̪ʷ ɺ̪ʷ ɾ̪ʷ tʷ dʷ nʷ tʰʷ dʰʷ nʰʷ θʷ ðʷ ɬʷ ɮʷ tɬʷ dɮʷ nlʷ nlʰʷ tʼʷ tθʼʷ ˀdʷ ˀdɮʷ tɬʼʷ ˀdðʷ lʷ lʰʷ ɺʷ ɾʷ t̪ˁʷ d̪ˁʷ n̪ˁʷ tʰ̪ˁʷ dʰ̪ˁʷ nʰ̪ˁʷ θ̪ˁʷ ð̪ˁʷ ɬ̪ˁʷ ɮ̪ˁʷ tɬ̪ˁʷ dɮ̪ˁʷ nl̪ˁʷ nlʰ̪ˁʷ t'̪ˁʷ tθ'̪ˁʷ ˀd̪ˁʷ ˀdɮ̪ˁʷ tɬ'̪ˁʷ ˀdð̪ˁʷ l̪ˁʷ lʰ̪ˁʷ ɺ̪ˁʷ ɾ̪ˁʷ tˁʷ dˁʷ nˁʷ tʰˁʷ dʰˁʷ nʰˁʷ θˁʷ ðˁʷ ɬˁʷ ɮˁʷ tɬˁʷ dɮˁʷ nlˁʷ nlʰˁʷ tʼˁʷ tθʼˁʷ ˀdˁʷ ˀdɮˁʷ tɬʼˁʷ ˀdðˁʷ lˁʷ lʰˁʷ ɺˁʷ ɾˁʷ t̠ʷ d̠ʷ n̠ʷ tʰ̠ʷ dʰ̠ʷ nʰ̠ʷ θ̠ʷ ð̠ʷ ɬ̠ʷ ɮ̠ʷ tɬ̠ʷ dɮ̠ʷ nl̠ʷ nlʰ̠ʷ t'̠ʷ tθ'̠ʷ ˀd̠ʷ ˀdɮ̠ʷ tɬ'̠ʷ ˀdð̠ʷ l̠ʷ lʰ̠ʷ ɺ̠ʷ ɾ̠ʷ ʈʷ ɖʷ ɳʷ ʈʰʷ ɖʰʷ ɳʰʷ ʂʷ ʐʷ ꞎʷ ɮ˞ʷ ʈꞎʷ ɖɮ˞ʷ ɳɭʷ ɳɭʰʷ ʈʼʷ ʈʂʼʷ ˀɖʷ ˀɖʐʷ ʈꞎʼʷ ˀɖɮ˞ʷ ɭʷ ɭʰʷ ɺ̢ʷ ɽʷ ʈˁʷ ɖˁʷ ɳˁʷ ʈʰˁʷ ɖʰˁʷ ɳʰˁʷ ʂˁʷ ʐˁʷ ꞎˁʷ ɮ˞ˁʷ ʈꞎˁʷ ɖɮ˞ˁʷ ɳɭˁʷ ɳɭʰˁʷ ʈʼˁʷ ʈʂʼˁʷ ˀɖˁʷ ˀɖʐˁʷ ʈꞎʼˁʷ ˀɖɮ˞ˁʷ ɭˁʷ ɭʰˁʷ ɺ̢ˁʷ ɽˁʷ t̪ʲʷ d̪ʲʷ n̪ʲʷ tʰ̪ʲʷ dʰ̪ʲʷ nʰ̪ʲʷ θ̪ʲʷ ð̪ʲʷ ɬ̪ʲʷ ɮ̪ʲʷ tɬ̪ʲʷ dɮ̪ʲʷ nl̪ʲʷ nlʰ̪ʲʷ t'̪ʲʷ tθ'̪ʲʷ ˀd̪ʲʷ ˀdɮ̪ʲʷ tɬ'̪ʲʷ ˀdð̪ʲʷ l̪ʲʷ lʰ̪ʲʷ ɺ̪ʲʷ ɾ̪ʲʷ tʲʷ dʲʷ nʲʷ tʰʲʷ dʰʲʷ nʰʲʷ θʲʷ ðʲʷ ɬʲʷ ɮʲʷ tɬʲʷ dɮʲʷ nlʲʷ nlʰʲʷ tʼʲʷ tθʼʲʷ ˀdʲʷ ˀdɮʲʷ tɬʼʲʷ ˀdðʲʷ lʲʷ lʰʲʷ ɺʲʷ ɾʲʷ s z ts dz sʼ tsʼ ˀdz ɕ ʑ tɕ dʑ ɕʼ tɕʼ ˀdʑ ɧ ɧ̬ kɧ gɧ̬ ɧʼ kɧʼ ˀgɧ̬ r rʰ r̝ r̝ʰ rˁ rˁʰ r̝ˁ r̝ˁʰ r˞ r˞ʰ r̝˞ r̝˞ʰ r˞ˁ r˞ˁʰ r̝˞ˁ r̝˞ˁʰ ɹ ɹʰ ɻ ɻʰ m p b ɸ β pʰ bʰ mʰ pʼ pɸʼ ˀb mʷ pʷ bʷ ɸʷ βʷ pʷʰ bʷʰ mʷʰ pʷʼ pɸʷʼ ˀbʷ mʲ pʲ bʲ ɸʲ βʲ pʲʰ bʲʰ mʲʰ pʲʼ pɸʲʼ ˀbʲ mʷʲ pʷʲ bʷʲ ɸʷʲ βʷʲ pʷʲʰ bʷʲʰ mʷʲʰ pʷʲʼ pɸʷʲʼ ˀbʷʲ mˁ pˁ bˁ ɸˁ βˁ pˁʰ bˁʰ mˁʰ pˁʼ pɸˁʼ ˀbˁ mʷˁ pʷˁ bʷˁ ɸʷˁ βʷˁ pʷˁʰ bʷˁʰ mʷˁʰ pʷˁʼ pɸʷˁʼ ˀbʷˁ ŋ̟m k̟p g̟b x̟ɸ ɣ̟β ɣ̟pʰ g̟bʰ ŋ̟mʰ k̟pʼ k̟pɸʼ ˀg̟b ŋ̟mʷ k̟pʷ g̟bʷ x̟ɸʷ ɣ̟βʷ ɣ̟pʷʰ g̟bʷʰ ŋ̟mʷʰ k̟pʷʼ k̟pɸʷʼ ˀg̟bʷ ŋ̠m k̠p g̠b x̠ɸ ɣ̠β k̠pʰ g̠bʰ ŋ̠mʰ k̠pʼ k̠pɸʼ ˀg̠b k̠pʷ g̠bʷ x̠ɸʷ ɣ̠βʷ k̠pʷʰ g̠bʷʰ ŋ̠mʷʰ k̠pʷʼ k̠pɸʷʼ ˀg̠bʷ qˁp ɢˁb χˁɸ ʁˁβ qˁpʰ ɢˁbʰ ɴˁmʰ qˁpʼ qˁpɸʼ ˀɢˁb t̼ d̼ n̼ t̼ʰ d̼ʰ n̼ʰ θ̼ ð̼ ɬ̼ ɮ̼ t̼ɬ d̼ɮ n̼l̼ n̼l̼ʰ t̼ʼ t̼θ̼ʼ ˀd̼ ˀd̼ɮ̼ tɬ̼ʼ ˀd̼ð̼ l̼ l̼ʰ

Vowels

Uupek has 5 vowels /a e i o u/ which can be long or short.