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User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]] | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = Xnɪəni | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]] | |setting = [[Verse:Irta]] | ||
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|fam6=[[Knench/Ancient|Ancient Knench]] | |fam6=[[Knench/Ancient|Ancient Knench]] | ||
|fam7=[[Knench/Middle|Middle Knench]] | |fam7=[[Knench/Middle|Middle Knench]] | ||
}} | }}ɵ | ||
'''Knench''' (/nɛntʃ/, from Old Knench ''χnānī'' via [[Old Azalic]] '' | '''Knench''' (/nɛntʃ/, from Old Knench ''χnānī'' via [[Old Azalic]] ''{{ng}}noinisχ''; natively ''Xnɪəni'' /xnɪəni/ or ''nɨɨm Xnɪən'' /nɨːm xnɪən) is a Semitic language spoken in the Irta timeline and the closest living relative to Hebrew in Irta. The name of the language comes from Ancient Knench ''kanaȝn'' 'Canaan'. Knench has received strong Azalic influence throughout its history since Ancient Knench times, and genetic studies have shown that the Knench are descendants of Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language descends from a close relative of Biblical Hebrew which was spoken in North Africa (which was spoken instead of our Punic in Irta), but its grammar is far less synthetic than its ancestor: lexical verbs were completely restructured to use constructions with auxiliaries and infinitives instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations, and it has lost grammatical gender like [[Togarmite]] and [[Far East Semitic]]. Knench has many loanwords from various sources including Greek, Azalic, Coptic, Berber, Arabic, Aramaic, Romance, and English. | ||
A majority of modern Knench people are Muslim; some are Christian, Jewish or neopagan. There is a Judeo-Knench, with Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. | |||
It's inspired grammatically by Welsh and Irish, and aesthetically by English, | It's inspired grammatically by Welsh and Irish, and aesthetically by English, Danish, [[Naeng]], and Khmer. | ||
== Names == | == Names == | ||
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* Focus prominence (like Welsh) | * Focus prominence (like Welsh) | ||
* retain vav consecutive forms of auxiliaries | * retain vav consecutive forms of auxiliaries | ||
* vi = "and then" (used for consecutive events; ~ BH ''wayhi'') | * vi = "and then" (used for consecutive events; ~ BH ''wayhi'') | ||
* -x > -rh | * -x > -rh | ||
* A sentence consisting entirely of replacements and compounds? | * A sentence consisting entirely of replacements and compounds? | ||
** I dal bə kpeen | ** I dal bə kpeen pnaarə. = I don't see any wolves. (Heb: Ani lo ro'e ze'evim.) | ||
* Hard mode: a sentence where every content word has a Semitic cranberry morpheme | * Hard mode: a sentence where every content word has a Semitic cranberry morpheme | ||
*Swadesh list | *Swadesh list | ||
*''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-) | *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-) | ||
*Many adverbs from infinitive absolute | *Many adverbs from infinitive absolute | ||
*Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'') | *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'') | ||
*''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die? | *''Mén fows ta xett kori?'' = Why did you have to die? | ||
* replace a lot of | * replace a lot of Canaanite vocabulary with other words | ||
===Some sound changes=== | ===Some sound changes=== | ||
* Maghrebi Arabic craziness (happens early on, ca. 9th-10th century) | * Maghrebi Arabic craziness (happens early on, ca. 9th-10th century) | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
*/m n ʁ̃ʷ l w j | */m n ʁ̃ʷ l w j ɹ{{ret}}/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r}} | ||
*/p b f v t d θ ð k g/ {{angbr|p b f v t d þ ð k g}} | */p b f v t d θ ð k g/ {{angbr|p b f v t d þ ð k g}} | ||
*/s z | */s{{den}} z{{den}} t{{den}}{{tiebar}}s{{den}} ʃ ʒ tʃ s{{ret}} t{{ret}}{{tiebar}}s{{ret}} x h/ {{angbr|s z c š ž č ś ć x h}} | ||
/t d/ are alveolar, and /θ ð/ are dental. /θ ð/ may be realized as [t̪ d̪]. | |||
/s{{den}} z{{den}} t{{den}}{{tiebar}}s{{den}}/ are lamino-dental, like Basque ''z''. | |||
/s{{ret}} t{{ret}}{{tiebar}}s{{ret}}/ are retracted apico-alveolar, like Greek /s/. | |||
Ancient Knench /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa. | Ancient Knench /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa. | ||
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Stops are unaspirated. | Stops are unaspirated. | ||
Judeo-Knench has final r in borrowed Hebrew and Aramaic vocabulary. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel | {{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in Irta. It has many diphthongs. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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===Intonation=== | ===Intonation=== | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Modern Knench has | Modern Knench has an orthography using an alphabet descended from the Paleo-Hebrew script, where spelling reflects Middle Knench. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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Nouns inflect for definiteness, as follows: | Nouns inflect for definiteness, as follows: | ||
*Singular: -əs (after C | *Singular: -əs (after C), (from haz-ze and haz-zū) | ||
*Plural: -il, replacing the plural suffix ''-ə'' if any (from ha-2ili), -u + -il > -ul | *Plural: -il, replacing the plural suffix ''-ə'' if any (from ha-2ili), -u + -il > -ul | ||
** | ** Plurals must be memorized! For example -u may become -ləs (specifically when the -u comes from a vocalized /-l/). | ||
Words ending in | Words ending in a schwa add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix. | ||
Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human | Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''śadə'' / | *''śadə'' /ˈs{{ret}}adə/ = an apartment/flat | ||
*''śadrəs'' / | *''śadrəs'' /ˈs{{ret}}adɹəs/ = the flat | ||
*''śadrə'' / | *''śadrə'' /ˈs{{ret}}adɹə/ = flats | ||
*''śadril'' / | *''śadril'' /ˈs{{ret}}adɹɪl/ = the flats | ||
*''śadə | *''śadə bušət'' /ˈs{{ret}}adə ˈbʊʃət/ = a big flat | ||
*''śadrəs | *''śadrəs bušət'' /ˈs{{ret}}adɹəs ˈbʊʃət/ = the big flat | ||
*''śadrə | *''śadrə buštə'' /ˈs{{ret}}adɹə ˈbʊʃtə/ = big flats | ||
*''śadril | *''śadril buštə'' /ˈs{{ret}}adɹɪl ˈbʊʃtə/ = the big flats | ||
''-ma'' nouns from Greek become ''-mat'' nouns: ''þemat, þematas, | ''-ma'' nouns from Greek become ''-mat'' nouns: ''þemat, þematas, þematə, þematil'' 'topic, theme'. | ||
==== Predicative adjectives ==== | ==== Predicative adjectives ==== | ||
The predicative/adverbial marker ''bə'' | The predicative/adverbial marker ''bə'' followed by the bare form is used for predicative adjectives: ''Ri śadrəs bə bušət'' 'The room is big'. | ||
==== Degree ==== | ==== Degree ==== | ||
*Equative: ''de'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough') | *Equative: ''de'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough') | ||
*Comparative/Superlative: ''-ur'' = more X or most X (from *3abūr, infinitive absolute of 'to exceed'); comparandum takes ''prej'' 'than' (from Ancient Knench ''pirūðī'' 'when I see') | *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ur'' = more X or most X (from *3abūr, infinitive absolute of 'to exceed'); comparandum takes ''prej'' 'than' (from Ancient Knench ''pirūðī'' 'when I see'). The ''-ur'' form is indeclinable. | ||
Example: '' | Example: ''bušət'' 'big', ''de bušət'' 'as big as'; ''buštur'' 'bigger/biggest' | ||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
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==== Interrogative pronouns ==== | ==== Interrogative pronouns ==== | ||
* ''da'' = what? (nominal) | * ''da, ida'' = what? (nominal) (*hajj dabar 'what thing') | ||
* ''ew'' = who? (*2ajj hū) | * ''ew'' = who? (*2ajj hū) | ||
** poetic ''mi'' | ** poetic ''mi'' | ||
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* ''énə'' = where? | * ''énə'' = where? | ||
* ''məðé'' = when? | * ''məðé'' = when? | ||
* '' | * ''əziəp'' = why? (the reason something happened) (or from another phrase of the form "ayy [NOUN]") | ||
* | * ''maləx'' = why? (the reason someone does something) (*ma lak 'what's the matter') | ||
* '' | * ''xam'' = how many? | ||
* '' | * ''xiəlt'' = how? | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Almost all verbs use only one form, | Almost all verbs use only one form. For native verbs, this form may be derived from: | ||
* the infinitive construct or the imperative (mostly basic verbs) | |||
* a deverbal noun pattern (most common) | |||
* a univerbation of a verb + noun collocation | |||
The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- often display a voicing mutation attesting to the historical lV- (e.g. ''žbuð'' 'to be idle, to lie fallow'). Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb (e.g. ''benin'' 'to build', cognate to the Hebrew noun ''binyan''; from the root b-n-y) | |||
The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðeht ló oj!'' = 'Give it to her!' Imperatives are negated by placing ''bal'' or ''bawði'' before the verb. | The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðeht ló oj!'' = 'Give it to her!' Imperatives are negated by placing ''bal'' or ''bawði'' before the verb. | ||
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*''luð'' 'to be' | *''luð'' 'to be' | ||
*''śuð'' 'to do' (from *ʕaśō, with contamination from *paȝal): used to form past and future perfective tenses | *''śuð'' 'to do' (from *ʕaśō, with contamination from *paȝal): used to form past and future perfective tenses | ||
*''buð'' 'to come': sometimes means 'must, have to'. ''bu'' is still used as a directional. | *''buð'' 'to come' (from *bô): sometimes means 'must, have to'. ''bu'' is still used as a directional. | ||
*''leht'' 'to go' (from *halak), also used as a passive auxilliary for dechticaetiative objects | *''leht'' 'to go' (from *halak), also used as a passive auxilliary for dechticaetiative objects | ||
*''kaht'' 'to take' (from *laqaħ): also used for animate patients of ditransitive verbs | *''kaht'' 'to take' (from *laqaħ): also used for animate patients of ditransitive verbs | ||
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Their forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy. | Their forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy. | ||
Knench maintains a distinction between independent and dependent forms for finite verbs, like Old Irish. The independent forms come from the Ancient Knench waw-consecutive. Using a preverb such as ''lu'' 'not', '' | Knench maintains a distinction between independent and dependent forms for finite verbs, like Old Irish. The independent forms come from the Ancient Knench waw-consecutive. Using a preverb such as ''lu'' 'not', ''veə'' '(interrogative form of present marker ''ri'')', ''xaž'' 'relativizer', or ''śu'' 'I'm sure that...' (from the infinitive absolute *3aśū of *3aśō 'to do'; generalized from ''*3aśū ja3śiju'' 'he will indeed do') requires the dependent form. Dependent past forms and future forms are formally identical to independent future forms and past forms, respectively, except for ''luð'' 'to be'. | ||
Even verbs with finite forms are defective verbs, since finite forms are always perfective (except forms of ''luð''). To express the imperfective with these verbs, you still have to use the copula + bə + VN construction. The negator ''lu'' only negates finite verbs. | Even verbs with finite forms are defective verbs, since finite forms are always perfective (except forms of ''luð''). To express the imperfective with these verbs, you still have to use the copula + bə + VN construction. The negator ''lu'' only negates finite verbs. | ||
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*'''''Ri''' Đavíð þaś žin.'' = David is about to sleep. | *'''''Ri''' Đavíð þaś žin.'' = David is about to sleep. | ||
*'''''Pið''' Đavíð þaś žin, r'u dal bə xapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights. | *'''''Pið''' Đavíð þaś žin, r'u dal bə xapuð uras.'' = When David goes to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights. | ||
* ''Veə Đavíð þaś žin?'' = Is David going to bed? (neutral) | |||
* '''''Ri''' Đavíð dar þaś žin.'' = David is not going to bed. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 750px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}} | |+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}} | ||
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!rowspan=4| ''luð'' | !rowspan=4| ''luð'' | ||
! future indep. | ! future indep. | ||
| '' | | ''wej(ð) i'' | ||
| ''wejs tə'' | | ''wejs tə'' | ||
| ''wejs ti'' | | ''wejs ti'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past dep. | ! past dep. | ||
| '' | | ''hej(ð) i'' | ||
| ''hejs tə'' | | ''hejs tə'' | ||
| ''hejs ti'' | | ''hejs ti'' | ||
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!rowspan=2| ''śuð'' | !rowspan=2| ''śuð'' | ||
! future indep. | ! future indep. | ||
| '' | | ''fow(ð) i'' | ||
| ''fows tə'' | | ''fows tə'' | ||
| ''fows ti'' | | ''fows ti'' | ||
| ''fow u'' | | ''fow u'' | ||
| '' | | ''foəþ oj'' | ||
| ''fown nu'' | | ''fown nu'' | ||
| ''fows tim'' | | ''fows tim'' | ||
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!rowspan=2| ''buð'' | !rowspan=2| ''buð'' | ||
! future indep. | ! future indep. | ||
| '' | | ''pow(ð) i'' | ||
| ''pows tə'' | | ''pows tə'' | ||
| ''pows ti'' | | ''pows ti'' | ||
| ''pow u'' | | ''pow u'' | ||
| '' | | ''poəþ oj'' | ||
| ''pown nu'' | | ''pown nu'' | ||
| ''pows tim'' | | ''pows tim'' | ||
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!rowspan=2| ''leht'' | !rowspan=2| ''leht'' | ||
! future indep. | ! future indep. | ||
| '' | | ''law(ð) i'' | ||
| ''laws tə'' | | ''laws tə'' | ||
| ''laws ti'' | | ''laws ti'' | ||
| ''law u'' | | ''law u'' | ||
| '' | | ''laəþ oj'' | ||
| ''lawn nu'' | | ''lawn nu'' | ||
| ''laws tim'' | | ''laws tim'' | ||
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!rowspan=2| ''kaht'' | !rowspan=2| ''kaht'' | ||
! future indep. | ! future indep. | ||
| '' | | ''kaw(ð) i'' | ||
| ''kaws tə'' | | ''kaws tə'' | ||
| ''kaws ti'' | | ''kaws ti'' | ||
| ''kaw u'' | | ''kaw u'' | ||
| '' | | ''kaəþ oj'' | ||
| ''kawn nu'' | | ''kawn nu'' | ||
| ''kaws tim'' | | ''kaws tim'' | ||
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!rowspan=2| ''ðeht'' | !rowspan=2| ''ðeht'' | ||
! future indep. | ! future indep. | ||
| '' | | ''naw(ð) i'' | ||
| ''naws tə'' | | ''naws tə'' | ||
| ''naws ti'' | | ''naws ti'' | ||
| ''naw u'' | | ''naw u'' | ||
| '' | | ''naəþ oj'' | ||
| ''nawn nu'' | | ''nawn nu'' | ||
| ''naws tim'' | | ''naws tim'' | ||
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The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC. | The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC. | ||
When C1 is a | When the historical C1 is a pharyngeal, the ''l-'' usually resurfaces: | ||
* C1 = ayin: '' | * C1 = ayin: ''lubuə'' 'to go past' /lʊˈbuə/ | ||
* C1 = aleph/he: '' | * C1 = heth: ''litul'' 'to cease/stop' /lɪˈtʊl/ | ||
This doesn't happen when C1 = aleph/he: ''vuð'' /vʊð/ 'to bake, to fire', ''zuð'' /z{{den}}ʊð/ 'to be crazy, to be cool'. | |||
====-t verbs==== | ====*-t verbs==== | ||
*leht = to go by foot | *leht /lɛht/ = to go by foot | ||
*kaht = to take | *kaht /kaht/ = to take | ||
*žeht = to go back | *žeht /ʒɛht/ = to go back<!-- | ||
* | *łef /ʀɛf/ = to be hateful (dative-stative; Ri vivliəs bə łef u li ni 'I hate the book')--> | ||
* | *žef /ʒɛf/ = to sit | ||
* | *les /lɛs{{den}}/ = to be born | ||
* | *res /ɹɛs{{den}}/ = to go down | ||
*ðeht = to give | *reš /ɹɛʃ/ = to acquire; to get | ||
* | *ðeht /ðɛht/ = to give | ||
* | *śeht /s{{ret}}ɛht/ = to carry, to owe, should | ||
*žoot = (of time) to go by | *ceht /t{{den}}{{tiebar}}s{{den}}ɛht/ = to go out, to start X-ing | ||
*goot = | *žoot /ʒoːt/ = (of time) to go by | ||
*doot = to know | *goot /goːt/ = to do X correctly | ||
*toot = to farm, to grow (plants) | *doot /doːt/ = to know | ||
*toot /toːt/ = to farm, to grow (plants) | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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*''mənie'' = before, in front of | *''mənie'' = before, in front of | ||
*''kodm'' = before (temporally) | *''kodm'' = before (temporally) | ||
*'' | *''śni'' = after (Hitsi šeni 'second half') | ||
*''məłææl'' = above | *''məłææl'' = above | ||
*''məþææl'' = below | *''məþææl'' = below | ||
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=== Numbers === | === Numbers === | ||
0-10: sifə, śaa, hniəm/hniə (attributive), hluž, arvu, śami, šeš, šebu, | 0-10: sifə, śaa, hniəm/hniə (attributive), hluž, arvu, śami, šeš, šebu, hmɨɨn, þež, łaaś | ||
11-20: štoo, hnajoo, hlužoo, arvoo, śamižoo, šešoo, šeboo, | 11-20: štoo, hnajoo, hlužoo, arvoo, śamižoo, šešoo, šeboo, hmɨɨnoo, þežoo, hniə łəəśi | ||
21-30: łəəśi śaa, łəəśi hniəm, ... łəəśi łaaś | 21-30: łəəśi śaa, łəəśi hniəm, ... łəəśi łaaś | ||
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===Relativizer=== | ===Relativizer=== | ||
In most cases, relative clauses use the relativizer '' | In most cases, relative clauses use the relativizer ''xaž'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir'' 'like that which'). ''n'' may appear after the resumptive pronoun if one is used. | ||
Subject of a copula auxiliary: | Subject of a copula auxiliary: | ||
: '''''paras | : '''''paras xaž hie __ bə gri u "pnar"''''' | ||
: the boy who cried (would cry) wolf | : the boy who cried (would cry) wolf | ||
Subject with a non-copula auxiliary: | Subject with a non-copula auxiliary: | ||
: '''''paras | : '''''paras xaž fow __ gri "pnar"''''' | ||
: the boy who cried wolf (once) | : the boy who cried wolf (once) | ||
Direct object: | Direct object: | ||
: '''''vivlias | : '''''vivlias xaž fown nu ðə gru (se (n))''''' | ||
: the book that we read | : the book that we read | ||
Oblique object: | Oblique object: | ||
: '''''péðas | : '''''péðas xaž hieþ oj bə xun oj pəze (n)''''' | ||
: the house she used to live in | : the house she used to live in | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:'''''Law xol | :'''''Law xol plææžil ðə les im bə śraa ej bə haw łaj hogləs ej rejtil. Kalu'm ðə lugud jaś režən ej krəliəb, ej r'im bə śeht im liðali śad jaśəm hɨɨv p nažəm axə.''''' | ||
:PASS.PST.3SG.NF all human/PL-DEF.PL be_born 3PL PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry 3PL behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood. | :PASS.PST.3SG.NF all human/PL-DEF.PL be_born 3PL PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL endow with reason and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES carry 3PL behave with one_another LOC spirit brotherhood. | ||
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
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*''Kawð i ðə [NAME].'' = My name is [NAME]. | *''Kawð i ðə [NAME].'' = My name is [NAME]. | ||
*''Powð i men...'' = I'm from... | *''Powð i men...'' = I'm from... | ||
*''Lawð i | *''Lawð i les pə...'' = I was born in... | ||
*''I bə fu.'' = I'm here. | *''I bə fu.'' = I'm here. | ||
*''(I bə) ðuəb i ðah tə/ti [ðam tim].'' = I love you. | *''(I bə) ðuəb i ðah tə/ti [ðam tim].'' = I love you. | ||