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User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic: Difference between revisions

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User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic (view source)

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Numbers:  
Numbers:  
0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, homiš, šeš, šebą, šmun, þešą, ngašr
0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, xomiš, šeš, šebą, šmun, þešą, ngaxr


11-20: óðąš/áðąš, šnayąš, šlušąš, arvąš, homišąš, šešąš, šebąš, šmunąš, þešąš, ngašri
11-20: óðąš/áðąš, šnayąš, šlušąš, arvąš, homišąš, šešąš, šebąš, šmunąš, þešąš, ngaxri


40: štay ngašri
40: štay ngaxri


60: šluš ngašri
60: šluš ngaxri


...
...
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===Some sound changes===
===Some sound changes===
*non-rhoticity, H-dropping
*non-rhoticity, H-dropping
*ħ > h; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > kht
*ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
*ś > usually f
*ś > usually x, sometimes f
*dt, tt > st
*dt, tt > st
*-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
*-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
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*''fuð'' 'to do'
*''fuð'' 'to do'
*''ðuð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ)
*''ðuð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ)
*''laxt'' 'to go'
*''laht'' 'to go'
*''kaxt'' 'to take'
*''kaht'' 'to take'
*''ðett'' 'to give'
*''ðett'' 'to give'


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| ''pow/pól''
| ''pow/pól''
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| ''laxt''  
!rowspan=2| ''laht''  
! future
! future
| ''ley ni''
| ''ley ni''
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''laxt i''
| ''laht i''
| ''laxt ta''
| ''laht ta''
| ''laxt te''
| ''laht te''
| ''lál Hi''
| ''lál Hi''
| ''law u''
| ''law u''
| ''lál hi''
| ''lál hi''
| ''layn nu''
| ''layn nu''
| ''laxt tem''
| ''laht tem''
| ''lalu'm''
| ''lalu'm''
| ''law/lál''
| ''law/lál''
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| ''kaxt''
!rowspan=2| ''kaht''
! future  
! future  
| ''key ni''
| ''key ni''
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''kaxt i''
| ''kaht i''
| ''kaxt ta''
| ''kaht ta''
| ''kaxt te''
| ''kaht te''
| ''kál Hi''
| ''kál Hi''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kaw u''
| ''kál hi''
| ''kál hi''
| ''kayn nu''
| ''kayn nu''
| ''kaxt tem''
| ''kaht tem''
| ''kalu'm''
| ''kalu'm''
| ''kaw/kál''
| ''kaw/kál''
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''naxt i''
| ''naht i''
| ''naxt ta''
| ''naht ta''
| ''naxt te''
| ''naht te''
| ''nál Hi''
| ''nál Hi''
| ''naw u''
| ''naw u''
| ''nál hi''
| ''nál hi''
| ''nayn nu''
| ''nayn nu''
| ''naxt tem''
| ''naht tem''
| ''nalu'm''
| ''nalu'm''
| ''naw/nál''
| ''naw/nál''
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====-t verbs====
====-t verbs====
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
*lakht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
*laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
*kakht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
*kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
*sakht /saxt/ = to go back
*šaht /saxt/ = to go back
*šaft /ʃaft/ = to sit
*šaft /ʃaft/ = to sit
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
*lost /ˈlost/ = to be born
*lost /ˈlost/ = to be born
*sett /seʔt/ = to carry
*xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
*sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel
*sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel
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| ''vru'm''
| ''vru'm''
| ''var/vro''
| ''var/vro''
|-
! "May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take')
| ''kekh i''
| ''tkekh ta''
| ''tkekh te''
| ''kekh u''
| ''tkekh hi''
| ''kekh nu''
| ''tkekhu tem''
| ''kekhu'm''
| ''kekh/tkekh/kekhu''
|-
|-
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''usif i''
| ''siv i''
| ''tusif ta''
| ''tsiv ta''
| ''tusif te''
| ''tsiv te''
| ''yusif u''
| ''isiv u''
| ''tusif hi''
| ''tsiv hi''
| ''nusif nu''
| ''nusiv nu''
| ''tusif tem''
| ''tsiv tem''
| ''yusifu'm''
| ''isivu'm''
| ''usift/tusif/yusifu''
| ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
|-
|-
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
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| ''seft ta''
| ''seft ta''
| ''seft te''
| ''seft te''
| ''sif u''
| ''sev u''
| ''sifø hi''
| ''sivø hi''
| ''sef nu''
| ''sev nu''
| ''seft tem''
| ''seft tem''
| ''sifu'm''
| ''sivu'm''
| ''sif/sifu''
| ''siv/sivu''
|-
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
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|-
|-
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''attev i''
| ''atteb i''
| ''tattev ta''
| ''tatteb ta''
| ''tattvi te''
| ''tattbi te''
| ''yattev u''
| ''yatteb u''
| ''tattev hi''
| ''tatteb hi''
| ''nattev nu''
| ''natteb nu''
| ''tattev tem''
| ''tatteb tem''
| ''yattevu'm''
| ''yattebu'm''
| ''yattev/tattev/yattevu''
| ''yatteb/tatteb/yattebu''
|-
|-
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''ettevt i''
| ''ettebt i''
| ''ettevt ta''
| ''ettebt ta''
| ''ettevt te''
| ''ettebt te''
| ''ettev u''
| ''etteb u''
| ''ettivø hi''
| ''ettibø hi''
| ''ettev nu''
| ''etteb nu''
| ''ettevt tem''
| ''ettebt tem''
| ''ettevu'm''
| ''ettebu'm''
| ''ettev''
| ''etteb''
|}
|}
=====Cautionary future=====
=====Cautionary future=====
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:  
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:  
** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' sąras ða lovu fu hol ngeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
** '''''Zum''' tafkestas mul lið kobuą hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'


====Object pronouns====
====Object pronouns====
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''kho/khe/khem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''ho/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
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example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly
example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly
*1sg: li, li ni
*1sg: li, li ni
*2sg.m: lakh to
*2sg.m: lah to
*2sg.f: lakh te
*2sg.f: lah te
*3sg.m: lomu hu
*3sg.m: lomu hu
*3sg.f: lomi hi
*3sg.f: lomi hi
*1pl. lonu nu
*1pl. lonu nu
*2pl. lakhøm tem
*2pl. lahøm tem
*3pl. lomu'm
*3pl. lomu'm


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*''wén'' = without
*''wén'' = without
*''møné'' = before, in front of
*''møné'' = before, in front of
*''hár'' = after
*''xár'' = after
*''møngál'' = above
*''møngál'' = above
*''møþál'' = below
*''møþál'' = below
*''þaxt'' = instead of
*''þaht'' = instead of
*''til'' = like, as
*''til'' = like, as
*''hakr'' = until
*''xahr'' = until
*''gu'' = up to
*''gu'' = up to


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*Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
*Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
Examples:
Examples:
*''hadr'' = a room
*''xadr'' = a room
*''hadras'' = the room
*''xadras'' = the room
*''hadrør'' = rooms
*''xadrør'' = rooms
*''hadril'' = the rooms
*''xadril'' = the rooms
*''hadr grú'' = a big room
*''xadr grú'' = a big room
*''hadras grulas'' = the big room
*''xadras grulas'' = the big room
*''botr grulr'' = big houses
*''botr grulr'' = big houses
*''botil grulil'' = the big houses
*''botil grulil'' = the big houses
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===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
====VN constructions====
====VN constructions====
*''re Parm '''pø''' laxt'' = Parm is going, goes
*''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes
*''re Parm '''þax''' laxt'' = Parm is about to go
*''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
*''re Parm '''hár''' laxt'' = Parm has gone
*''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone
*''re Parm '''hár yið pø''' laxt'' = Parm has been going
*''re Parm '''hár yið pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
*''re Parm '''døs''' laxt'' = Parm just went
*''re Parm '''døs''' laht'' = Parm just went
*''re Parm '''wén''' laxt'' = Parm hasn't went
*''re Parm '''wén''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
*'''''sto''' Parm '''ða''' laxt'' = Parm went
*'''''sto''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm went
*'''''þąs''' Parm '''ða''' laxt'' = Parm will go
*'''''þąs''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm will go
*''Laxt!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
*'''''Tenu''' laxt!'' = Let's go!
*'''''Tenu''' laht!'' = Let's go!


===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
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Relative clauses use the relativizer ''ar'' (from a merger of אשר ''*ʔašir'' and ה- ''ha-''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.
Relative clauses use the relativizer ''ar'' (from a merger of אשר ''*ʔašir'' and ה- ''ha-''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.


*''Ni p'él avlaz ar pø hadr i'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
*''Ni p'él avlaz ar pø xadr i'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Xol plenušil bru'm lost til hofsr; em sowr ηa xobdas xø tsrókkil. Vru'm lifkuð pø ðbín xe gulalib, xe re ηal em liðaléx yaxøm šuðiv bø nøšóm ahwr.'''''
:'''''Hol plenušil bru'm lost til xofsr; em sowr ηa hobdas he tsrókkil. Vru'm lifkuð pø ðbín he gulalib, he re ηal em liðaléh yahøm šuðiv bø nøšóm axwr.'''''
:all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
:all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
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|-
|-
||
||
# ''Bar þó law þebwas fo súðu fóv ða lødapir xe súðu núm ða lúηgil.''
# ''Bar þó law þebwas fo súðu xóv ða lødapir he súðu núm ða lúηgil.''
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarm, fu'm ða liþakiw pø mišuras Šinηor xe liðyašib šom.''
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarm, fu'm ða liþakiw pø mišuras Šinηor he liðyašib šom.''
# ''Xe fu'm lø šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu fuð ambínr xe latteb lévuð em." Xe fu ambínil ða šamiš lomu'm til avónil, ke hemras til mawtt.''
# ''He fu'm lø šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu fuð ambínr he latteb lévuð em." He fu ambínil ða šamiš lomu'm til avónil, ke xemras til mawtt.''
# ''Xe fu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír xe mídøw bomi hi, yéð ruš u ląluð lø šmémas, xe nąð nu ða ląsuð lø nawš nu duąšim! Oz nąs nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."''
# ''He fu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír he mídøw bomi hi, yéð ruš u ląluð lø šmémas, he nąð nu ða ląsuð lø nawš nu duąšim! Oz nąs nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."''
# ''Wini Hašém fo u ða rest bu, xá yąf u ða lábitt pø kríras ke mídøwas a yu plenusil pø bnuð.''
# ''Wini Hašém fo u ða rest bu, há yąf u ða lábitt pø kríras ke mídøwas a yu plenusil pø bnuð.''
# ''Ke Hašém fo u yið: "Šą a fu'm ða háþolø fuð kø hóð ηom ar bø dapir hóð núm, yiye mum mikhšul mul lø mádovr a yąfu løzumim fuð!''
# ''Ke Hašém fo u yið: "Šą a fu'm ða áþolø fuð kø xóð ηom ar bø dapir xóð núm, yiye mum mihšul mul lø mádovr a yąfu løzumim fuð!''
# ''"Púlé, puþonu rest laxt xe bawbiw núm em, oz yąðu'm mul lábin šuðiv."''
# ''"Púlé, puþonu rest laht he bawbiw núm em, oz yąðu'm mul lábin šuðiv."''
# ''Xu Hašém fo u ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, xe fu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.''
# ''He mi fu Hašém fo u ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, he fu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.''
# ''Xe me yánas fu ar kríras bø kaxt šemas "Bovél" -- šom fo Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fo Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas.''
# ''He me yánas fu ar kríras bø kaht šemas "Bovél" -- šom fo Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fo Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas.''
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||
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
IlL
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