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'''Old Knánith''' is the form of [[Knánith]] spoken before 9th century CE.
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Ancient Knench
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Canaanite
}}
 
'''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".
 
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.
 
Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
 
Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
 
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)
 
==Todo==
*When should matres lectionis be used?
*some a-priori roots
*Vowel reduction:
**final originally unstressed long > short
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.
/m p b f v n t d θ ð ts s z ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g x h l w j r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d th dh ts s/x z š ȝ ħ k g kh h l w y r''}}


Glottal reinforcement (transcribed by ''tt kk'', pronounced /ʔt ʔk/) occurs before historical Biblical Hebrew emphatics /tʼ kʼ tsʼ/, and also analogically in some other cases (cf. Glottalic PIE > RP English).
Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''.


/l/ allophonically velarized before C.
===Consonants===
====Mutations====
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:
Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/


p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- v- th- dh- kh- Ø-
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Old Knánith had a rather simple vowel system:
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening.
 
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/


'''a e i o u ø á é í ó ú''' /a e i o u a: e: i: o: u:/
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench:
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king'
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written'
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous'
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)'
* ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses'
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of'


Long vowels were formed from V + /ʔ h ɣ/.
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is always penultimate, except with some verbs where the lV- prefix does not have the stress.


====Intonation====
==Morphophonology==
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
Still basically Hebrew (except with penultimate stress), with inflected verbs.
====Independent====
*1sg: ''hani, ni''
*2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
*1pl: ''haħnu''
*2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f)
*3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)


Syntax was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Inflection====
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.
Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.
Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
====Other inflections====
The directive he reflects as ''-a''.
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hṓbō'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick').
A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic ''rū-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use.
todo: get rid of 3fp forms
 
Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench.
 
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
*preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
*present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
*preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
*present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
*imperative
*cohortative ''-a''
*infinitive construct
*participles
 
The following verb forms lost their productivity:
*emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
*jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be')
*infinitive absolute
 
The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Independent vs. dependent forms: example
! || independent || dependent
|-
! preterite
| waw-preterite: ''wayyūγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lū haγal''<br/>'he did not eat'
|-
! present
| waw-stative: ''wōhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lū yūγal''<br/>'he does not eat'
|}
 
====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''samar'' 'he kept'
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! rowspan=2|preterite
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''wêsmur''
| ''waθθesmur''
| ''waθθesmurī''
| ''wajjesmur''
| ''waθθesmur''
| ''wannesmur''
| ''waθθesmurū''
| ''waθθesmurna''
| ''wajjesmurū''
| ''waθθesmurna''
|-
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''samarθi''
| ''samarθa''
| ''samarθe''
| ''samar''
| ''samarō''
| ''samarnu''
| ''samarθem''
| ''samarθen''
|colspan=2| ''samarū''
|-
! rowspan=2|present
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''wassamarθi''
| ''wassamarθa''
| ''wassamarθe''
| ''wassamar''
| ''wassamarō''
| ''wassamarnu''
| ''wassamarθem''
| ''wassamarθen''
|colspan=2| ''wassamarū''
|-
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''hesmur''
| ''θesmur''
| ''θesmurī''
| ''jesmur''
| ''θesmur''
| ''nesmur''
| ''θesmurū''
| ''θesmurna''
| ''jesmurū''
| ''θesmurna''
|-
!colspan=2| imperative
| ''-''
| ''simur!''
| ''simurī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''simurū!''
| ''simurna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
!colspan=2|active participle
|colspan=10| ''sūmḗr''
|-
!colspan=2|passive participle
|colspan=10| ''samȳ́r''
|-
!colspan=2|infinitive
|colspan=10| ''simṓr''
|}
 
====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written'
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! rowspan=2|preterite
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''wêxxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδibī''
| ''wajjixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδib''
| ''wannixxaδib''
| ''waθθixxaδibū''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
| ''wajjixxaδibū''
| ''waθθixxaδibna''
|-
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''nixθabθi''
| ''nixθabθa''
| ''nixθabθe''
| ''nixθab''
| ''nixθabō''
| ''nixθabnu''
| ''nixθabθem''
| ''nixθabθen''
|colspan=2| ''nixθabū''
|-
! rowspan=2|present
! <small>indep.</small>
| ''wannixθabθi''
| ''wannixθabθa''
| ''wannixθabθe''
| ''wannixθab''
| ''wannixθabō''
| ''wannixθabnu''
| ''wannixθabθem''
| ''wannixθabθen''
|colspan=2| ''wannixθabū''
|-
! <small>dep.</small>
| ''hixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδibī''
| ''jixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδib''
| ''nixxaδib''
| ''θixxaδibū''
| ''θixxaδibna''
| ''jixxaδibū''
| ''θixxaδibna''
|-
!colspan=2| imperative
| ''-''
| ''hixxaδib!''
| ''hixxaδibī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hixxaδibū!''
| ''hixxaδibna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
!colspan=2|participle
|colspan=10| ''nixθōb''
|-
!colspan=2|infinitive
|colspan=10| ''hixxaδib''
|}
 
====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''kittil'' 'he grew (sth)'
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
!rowspan=2| preterite
!|indep.
| ''wôgattil''
| ''waθθagattil''
| ''waθθagattilī''
| ''wajjagattil''
| ''waθθagattil''
| ''wannagattil''
| ''waθθagattilū''
| ''waθθagattelna''
| ''wajjagattilū''
| ''waθθagattelna''
|-
!|dep.
| ''kittelθi''
| ''kittelθa''
| ''kittelθe''
| ''kittil''
| ''kittilō''
| ''kittelnu''
| ''kittelθem''
| ''kittelθen''
|colspan=2| ''kittilū''
|-
!rowspan=2| present
!|indep.
| ''wakkittelθi''
| ''wakkittelθa''
| ''wakkittelθe''
| ''wakkittil''
| ''wakkittilō''
| ''wakkittelnu''
| ''wakkittelθem''
| ''wakkittelθen''
|colspan=2| ''wakkittilū''
|-
!|dep.
| ''hagattil''
| ''θagattil''
| ''θagattilī''
| ''jagattil''
| ''θagattil''
| ''nagattil''
| ''θagattilū''
| ''θagattelna''
| ''jagattilū''
| ''θagattelna''
|-
!colspan=2| imperative
| ''-''
| ''kattil!''
| ''kattilī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''kattilū!''
| ''kattelna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
!colspan=2| participle
|colspan=10| ''mugattil''
|-
!colspan=2| infinitive
|colspan=10| ''kattil''
|}
 
====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! preterite indep.
| ''wôbdīl''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīlī''
| ''wajjabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīl''
| ''wannabdīl''
| ''waθθabdīlū''
| ''waθθabdelna''
| ''wajjabdīlū''
| ''waθθabdelna''
|-
! preterite dep.
| ''hibdelθi''
| ''hibdelθa''
| ''hibdelθe''
| ''hibdīl''
| ''hibdīlō''
| ''hibdelnu''
| ''hibdelθem''
| ''hibdelθen''
|colspan=2|''hibdīlū''
|-
! present indep.
| ''wêbdelθi''
| ''wêbdelθa''
| ''wêbdelθe''
| ''wêbdel''
| ''wêbdelō''
| ''wêbdelnu''
| ''wêbdelθem''
| ''wêbdelθen''
|colspan=2|''wêbdelū''
|-
! present dep.
| ''habdīl''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''θabdīlī''
| ''jabdīl''
| ''θabdīl''
| ''nabdīl''
| ''θabdīlū''
| ''θabdelna''
| ''jabdīlū''
| ''θabdelna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''habdel!''
| ''habdelī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''habdelū!''
| ''habdelna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mabdīl''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=10| ''habdīl''
|}
 
====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' 'he resented'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! preterite indep.
| ''wôθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
|-
! preterite dep.
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimō''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθen''
|colspan=2|''hiθnaᴋᴋimū''
|-
! present indep.
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋimō''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
|colspan=2|''wêθnaᴋᴋimū''
|-
! present dep.
| ''haθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| ''jiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim!''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimū!''
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''muθnaᴋᴋim''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=10| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
|}
 
====Object suffixes====
*1sg: -ni
*2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
*3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f)
*1pl: -nu
*2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
*3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)
 
====Gzarot====
:''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]''
 
===Prepositions===
*jūδ = direct object marker
*li- = to, for, of
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
*tum la- = like, as
*miC- = from
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.)
*wēn = without
*jaȝn = because of
*ȝalē = on
 
===Conjunctions===
*xa- = and ('like' > 'and')
*ja3n = because
==Syntax==
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
 
===Tense constructions===
Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
*Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
*Present: imperfect or waw-stative
**Jussive uses the present dependent
*Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect
*Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
*As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.
 
===Uses of the infinitive construct===
Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
#la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
#ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
#more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
 
===Narratives===
As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).
 
Hypothetical example:
:'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.'''''
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
 
===Wishes===
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
:'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.'''''
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
 
A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
 
One can also simply use the present dependent.
 
==Vocabulary==
Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
===Derivation===
====Mishkalim====
*ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
*ᴋaᴛilō
*ᴋaᴛulō (''kadulō'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħō'' 'radiance')
*ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive
*meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place
*maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument
*meᴋᴛūl
*meᴋᴛul(ō)
*θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō
*ᴋaᴛlūn
*ᴋiᴛᴛalūn
*ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive
*ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease
*ᴋaᴛᴛulō
*θaᴋᴛelō
*θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of
 
====Affixes====
*''-î'' (feminine ''-īyō''): adjective-forming affix
*''-ȳδ'': abstract noun suffix
*''hī-'': un-, non-
 
===Examples of Celtic vocabulary===
 
==Sample texts==
===An incantation===
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
 
[...]
 
===A ritual===
===An excerpt===
=== Ha'azinu ===
TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns
 
<poem>
hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî.
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal,
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb.
</poem>
 
==Lexicon==
===h===
*''hōbō'' = love
*''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
*''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree
*''hinni'' = but
 
===b===
*''bēt'' = house
 
===g===
===d===
===w===
===z===
*''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
*''zaruħō'' = radiance
 
===ħ===
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
*''ħawō'' = to live
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta)
 
===ᴛ===
===j===
===k===
*k-b-d
**''kabed'' 'liver'
**''kabid'' 'heavy'
**''kabūd'' 'honor'
**''kibbid'' 'to honor'
**''kabudō'' 'esteemed position'
***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
**''makped'' 'scale, balance'
*''kin, ka-'' 'and'
 
===l===
===m===
===n===
*n-ᴛ-f
**''níᴛfō'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
===s===
===ȝ===
*''ȝarábō'' = willow
===p===
*''párrō'' = cow
 
===c===
===ᴋ===
===r===
*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate


Verbs had the following forms:
===t===
*Past
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
*Non-past
[[Category:Languages]]
*Imperative
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
*Infinitive
IlL
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