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{{Infobox language | |||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |||
|nativename = *hak-kana3nījō | |||
|image = | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]] | |||
|name = Ancient Knench | |||
|pronunciation = | |||
|region = | |||
|states = | |||
|speakers = | |||
|date = | |||
|familycolor=afroasiatic | |||
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic | |||
|fam2=Semitic | |||
|fam3=Central Semitic | |||
|fam4=Canaanite | |||
}} | |||
It | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". | ||
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. | |||
Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different). | |||
Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations. | |||
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage) | |||
==Todo== | |||
*When should matres lectionis be used? | |||
*some a-priori roots | |||
*Vowel reduction: | |||
**final originally unstressed long > short | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | |||
Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
/ | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: | ||
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | |||
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | |||
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.) | |||
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | |||
/l/ | /m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. | |||
'''a e i | '''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | ||
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench: | |||
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king' | |||
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written' | |||
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous' | |||
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)' | |||
* ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses' | |||
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of' | |||
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/) | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
==== | ==Morphophonology== | ||
=== | ==Morphology== | ||
== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Independent==== | |||
*1sg: ''hani, ni'' | |||
*2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f) | |||
*3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f) | |||
*1pl: ''haħnu'' | |||
*2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f) | |||
*3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f) | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Inflection==== | |||
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''. | |||
Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''. | |||
Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''. | |||
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew. | |||
====Other inflections==== | |||
The directive he reflects as ''-a''. | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hṓbō'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick'). | |||
A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic ''rū-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun). | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
todo: get rid of 3fp forms | |||
Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench. | |||
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | |||
*preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite) | |||
*present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect) | |||
*preterite dependent (~ BH perfect) | |||
*present dependent (~ BH imperfect) | |||
*imperative | |||
*cohortative ''-a'' | |||
*infinitive construct | |||
*participles | |||
The following verb forms lost their productivity: | |||
*emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a'' | |||
*jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be') | |||
*infinitive absolute | |||
The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Independent vs. dependent forms: example | |||
! || independent || dependent | |||
|- | |||
! preterite | |||
| waw-preterite: ''wayyūγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lū haγal''<br/>'he did not eat' | |||
|- | |||
! present | |||
| waw-stative: ''wōhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lū yūγal''<br/>'he does not eat' | |||
|} | |||
====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ ''samar'' 'he kept' | |||
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2|preterite | |||
! <small>indep.</small> | |||
| ''wêsmur'' | |||
| ''waθθesmur'' | |||
| ''waθθesmurī'' | |||
| ''wajjesmur'' | |||
| ''waθθesmur'' | |||
| ''wannesmur'' | |||
| ''waθθesmurū'' | |||
| ''waθθesmurna'' | |||
| ''wajjesmurū'' | |||
| ''waθθesmurna'' | |||
|- | |||
! <small>dep.</small> | |||
| ''samarθi'' | |||
| ''samarθa'' | |||
| ''samarθe'' | |||
| ''samar'' | |||
| ''samarō'' | |||
| ''samarnu'' | |||
| ''samarθem'' | |||
| ''samarθen'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''samarū'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2|present | |||
! <small>indep.</small> | |||
| ''wassamarθi'' | |||
| ''wassamarθa'' | |||
| ''wassamarθe'' | |||
| ''wassamar'' | |||
| ''wassamarō'' | |||
| ''wassamarnu'' | |||
| ''wassamarθem'' | |||
| ''wassamarθen'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''wassamarū'' | |||
|- | |||
! <small>dep.</small> | |||
| ''hesmur'' | |||
| ''θesmur'' | |||
| ''θesmurī'' | |||
| ''jesmur'' | |||
| ''θesmur'' | |||
| ''nesmur'' | |||
| ''θesmurū'' | |||
| ''θesmurna'' | |||
| ''jesmurū'' | |||
| ''θesmurna'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''simur!'' | |||
| ''simurī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''simurū!'' | |||
| ''simurna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2|active participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''sūmḗr'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2|passive participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''samȳ́r'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2|infinitive | |||
|colspan=10| ''simṓr'' | |||
|} | |||
====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written' | |||
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2|preterite | |||
! <small>indep.</small> | |||
| ''wêxxaδib'' | |||
| ''waθθixxaδib'' | |||
| ''waθθixxaδibī'' | |||
| ''wajjixxaδib'' | |||
| ''waθθixxaδib'' | |||
| ''wannixxaδib'' | |||
| ''waθθixxaδibū'' | |||
| ''waθθixxaδibna'' | |||
| ''wajjixxaδibū'' | |||
| ''waθθixxaδibna'' | |||
|- | |||
! <small>dep.</small> | |||
| ''nixθabθi'' | |||
| ''nixθabθa'' | |||
| ''nixθabθe'' | |||
| ''nixθab'' | |||
| ''nixθabō'' | |||
| ''nixθabnu'' | |||
| ''nixθabθem'' | |||
| ''nixθabθen'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''nixθabū'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2|present | |||
! <small>indep.</small> | |||
| ''wannixθabθi'' | |||
| ''wannixθabθa'' | |||
| ''wannixθabθe'' | |||
| ''wannixθab'' | |||
| ''wannixθabō'' | |||
| ''wannixθabnu'' | |||
| ''wannixθabθem'' | |||
| ''wannixθabθen'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''wannixθabū'' | |||
|- | |||
! <small>dep.</small> | |||
| ''hixxaδib'' | |||
| ''θixxaδib'' | |||
| ''θixxaδibī'' | |||
| ''jixxaδib'' | |||
| ''θixxaδib'' | |||
| ''nixxaδib'' | |||
| ''θixxaδibū'' | |||
| ''θixxaδibna'' | |||
| ''jixxaδibū'' | |||
| ''θixxaδibna'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''hixxaδib!'' | |||
| ''hixxaδibī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''hixxaδibū!'' | |||
| ''hixxaδibna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2|participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''nixθōb'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2|infinitive | |||
|colspan=10| ''hixxaδib'' | |||
|} | |||
====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ ''kittil'' 'he grew (sth)' | |||
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| preterite | |||
!|indep. | |||
| ''wôgattil'' | |||
| ''waθθagattil'' | |||
| ''waθθagattilī'' | |||
| ''wajjagattil'' | |||
| ''waθθagattil'' | |||
| ''wannagattil'' | |||
| ''waθθagattilū'' | |||
| ''waθθagattelna'' | |||
| ''wajjagattilū'' | |||
| ''waθθagattelna'' | |||
|- | |||
!|dep. | |||
| ''kittelθi'' | |||
| ''kittelθa'' | |||
| ''kittelθe'' | |||
| ''kittil'' | |||
| ''kittilō'' | |||
| ''kittelnu'' | |||
| ''kittelθem'' | |||
| ''kittelθen'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''kittilū'' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| present | |||
!|indep. | |||
| ''wakkittelθi'' | |||
| ''wakkittelθa'' | |||
| ''wakkittelθe'' | |||
| ''wakkittil'' | |||
| ''wakkittilō'' | |||
| ''wakkittelnu'' | |||
| ''wakkittelθem'' | |||
| ''wakkittelθen'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''wakkittilū'' | |||
|- | |||
!|dep. | |||
| ''hagattil'' | |||
| ''θagattil'' | |||
| ''θagattilī'' | |||
| ''jagattil'' | |||
| ''θagattil'' | |||
| ''nagattil'' | |||
| ''θagattilū'' | |||
| ''θagattelna'' | |||
| ''jagattilū'' | |||
| ''θagattelna'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''kattil!'' | |||
| ''kattilī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''kattilū!'' | |||
| ''kattelna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''mugattil'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| infinitive | |||
|colspan=10| ''kattil'' | |||
|} | |||
====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)==== | |||
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ ''hibdīl'' 'he separated' | |||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp | |||
|- | |||
! preterite indep. | |||
| ''wôbdīl'' | |||
| ''waθθabdīl'' | |||
| ''waθθabdīlī'' | |||
| ''wajjabdīl'' | |||
| ''waθθabdīl'' | |||
| ''wannabdīl'' | |||
| ''waθθabdīlū'' | |||
| ''waθθabdelna'' | |||
| ''wajjabdīlū'' | |||
| ''waθθabdelna'' | |||
|- | |||
! preterite dep. | |||
| ''hibdelθi'' | |||
| ''hibdelθa'' | |||
| ''hibdelθe'' | |||
| ''hibdīl'' | |||
| ''hibdīlō'' | |||
| ''hibdelnu'' | |||
| ''hibdelθem'' | |||
| ''hibdelθen'' | |||
|colspan=2|''hibdīlū'' | |||
|- | |||
! present indep. | |||
| ''wêbdelθi'' | |||
| ''wêbdelθa'' | |||
| ''wêbdelθe'' | |||
| ''wêbdel'' | |||
| ''wêbdelō'' | |||
| ''wêbdelnu'' | |||
| ''wêbdelθem'' | |||
| ''wêbdelθen'' | |||
|colspan=2|''wêbdelū'' | |||
|- | |||
! present dep. | |||
| ''habdīl'' | |||
| ''θabdīl'' | |||
| ''θabdīlī'' | |||
| ''jabdīl'' | |||
| ''θabdīl'' | |||
| ''nabdīl'' | |||
| ''θabdīlū'' | |||
| ''θabdelna'' | |||
| ''jabdīlū'' | |||
| ''θabdelna'' | |||
|- | |||
! imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''habdel!'' | |||
| ''habdelī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''habdelū!'' | |||
| ''habdelna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''mabdīl'' | |||
|- | |||
! infinitive | |||
|colspan=10| ''habdīl'' | |||
|} | |||
====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)==== | |||
====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' 'he resented' | |||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp | |||
|- | |||
! preterite indep. | |||
| ''wôθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī'' | |||
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | |||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | |||
| ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | |||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | |||
|- | |||
! preterite dep. | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimō'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθen'' | |||
|colspan=2|''hiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | |||
|- | |||
! present indep. | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi'' | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa'' | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe'' | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋimō'' | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu'' | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem'' | |||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem'' | |||
|colspan=2|''wêθnaᴋᴋimū'' | |||
|- | |||
! present dep. | |||
| ''haθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī'' | |||
| ''jiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''niθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | |||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | |||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | |||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | |||
|- | |||
! imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim!'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋimū!'' | |||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''muθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
|- | |||
! infinitive | |||
|colspan=10| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' | |||
|} | |||
====Object suffixes==== | |||
*1sg: -ni | |||
*2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f) | |||
*3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f) | |||
*1pl: -nu | |||
*2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f) | |||
*3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f) | |||
====Gzarot==== | |||
:''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]'' | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
*jūδ = direct object marker | |||
*li- = to, for, of | |||
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.) | |||
*tum la- = like, as | |||
*miC- = from | |||
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.) | |||
*wēn = without | |||
*jaȝn = because of | |||
*ȝalē = on | |||
===Conjunctions=== | |||
*xa- = and ('like' > 'and') | |||
*ja3n = because | |||
==Syntax== | |||
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew). | |||
===Tense constructions=== | |||
Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not. | |||
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | |||
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | |||
*Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect | |||
*Present: imperfect or waw-stative | |||
**Jussive uses the present dependent | |||
*Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect | |||
*Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation) | |||
*As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent. | |||
===Uses of the infinitive construct=== | |||
Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained: | |||
#la + IC may be used to indicate purpose | |||
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used | |||
#ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..." | |||
#more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight' | |||
===Narratives=== | |||
As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info). | |||
Hypothetical example: | |||
:'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.''''' | |||
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.'' | |||
===Wishes=== | |||
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'. | |||
:'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.''''' | |||
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.'' | |||
A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...). | |||
One can also simply use the present dependent. | |||
==Vocabulary== | |||
Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages. | |||
===Derivation=== | |||
====Mishkalim==== | |||
*ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words | |||
*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern | |||
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern | |||
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality) | |||
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ | |||
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness') | |||
*ᴋaᴛilō | |||
*ᴋaᴛulō (''kadulō'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħō'' 'radiance') | |||
*ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive | |||
*meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place | |||
*maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument | |||
*meᴋᴛūl | |||
*meᴋᴛul(ō) | |||
*θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō | |||
*ᴋaᴛlūn | |||
*ᴋiᴛᴛalūn | |||
*ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive | |||
*ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease | |||
*ᴋaᴛᴛulō | |||
*θaᴋᴛelō | |||
*θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of | |||
====Affixes==== | |||
*''-î'' (feminine ''-īyō''): adjective-forming affix | |||
*''-ȳδ'': abstract noun suffix | |||
*''hī-'': un-, non- | |||
===Examples of Celtic vocabulary=== | |||
==Sample texts== | |||
===An incantation=== | |||
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line): | |||
[...] | |||
===A ritual=== | |||
===An excerpt=== | |||
=== Ha'azinu === | |||
TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns | |||
<poem> | |||
hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî. | |||
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal, | |||
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb. | |||
</poem> | |||
==Lexicon== | |||
===h=== | |||
*''hōbō'' = love | |||
*''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami'' | |||
*''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree | |||
*''hinni'' = but | |||
===b=== | |||
*''bēt'' = house | |||
===g=== | |||
===d=== | |||
===w=== | |||
===z=== | |||
*''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription) | |||
*''zaruħō'' = radiance | |||
===ħ=== | |||
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative) | |||
*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace | |||
*''ħawō'' = to live | |||
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta) | |||
===ᴛ=== | |||
===j=== | |||
===k=== | |||
*k-b-d | |||
**''kabed'' 'liver' | |||
**''kabid'' 'heavy' | |||
**''kabūd'' 'honor' | |||
**''kibbid'' 'to honor' | |||
**''kabudō'' 'esteemed position' | |||
***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am' | |||
**''makped'' 'scale, balance' | |||
*''kin, ka-'' 'and' | |||
===l=== | |||
===m=== | |||
===n=== | |||
*n-ᴛ-f | |||
**''níᴛfō'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH) | |||
===s=== | |||
===ȝ=== | |||
*''ȝarábō'' = willow | |||
===p=== | |||
*''párrō'' = cow | |||
===c=== | |||
===ᴋ=== | |||
===r=== | |||
*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate | |||
===t=== | |||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | |||
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